The genome organization of STLV-3 is similar to that of the AIDS virus except for a truncated transmembrane protein

Hirsch, Vanessa M.; Riedel, Norbert; Mullins, James I.

doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90283-2

Cited by 151 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…4. The LTR length was similar to those reported for CAEV, visna virus, and EIAV, but was considerably shorter than the LTRs of H4IV-1 or SIV (17,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). The boundaries of the LTRs were demarcated by (i) the presence ofthe highly conserved dinucleotide inverted repeats (5' TG and CA 3') at the ends of the LTR and (ii) a 5-bp direct repeat (CTTAC) in the 5'-and 3'-flanking cellular DNA (25).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

“…However, a potential enhancer sequence located from nucleotide 51 through 59 is similar to the sequence GGGACTTTCC that is contained in the B site within the K immunoglobulin gene enhancer (31). This site has been observed in the U3 regions of HIV-1 and SIV (24,31), as well as in the enhancer sequences of simian virus 40 and cytomegalovirus (31).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus.

Olmsted

Barnes

Yamamoto

et al. 1989

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

140

110

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Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a T-lymphotropic retrovirus associated with immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in cats. The discovery of FIV provides an opportunity for the development of a small animal model for AIDS. To initiate the molecular and biological characterization of FIV, cDNA clones were synthesized and used to isolate a proviral clone of FIV. Molecular cross-hybridization analysis of FIV with five lentiviruses revealed that nucleotide-sequence similarities exist between FIV and these lentiviruses in the gag-pol genes. However, nucleotide-sequence similarities were not seen upon comparison of the FIV long terminal repeat sequence with known viral sequences. Common antigenic determinants appeared to be shared by FIV, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and visna virus as shown by serological cross-reactivity of rabbit antibodies to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and visna virus with the putative FIV core protein p28. These studies demonstrated that FIV is a member of the lentivirus subfamily and is distantly related to the AIDS lentiviruses of primates. Importantly, progeny virions of our molecular clone were infectious for experimentally inoculated cats. The availability of an infectious molecular clone will make possible a detailed dissection of the molecular pathogenesis of FIV, which may facilitate the development of vaccine and therapeutic strategies for AIDS.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus.

Olmsted

Barnes

Yamamoto

et al. 1989

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

140

110

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“…Moreover, pathogenesis studies relevant to the design and testing of vaccine and microbicide candidates that would be impossible in humans can be undertaken by use of this animal model. This model uses SIV, a primate lentivirus that is closely related to HIV (5) and that can be efficiently transmitted to macaques by vaginal inoculation of cell-free inocula (11,20,21). Further, the rhesus monkey is similar to humans with regard to the populations of target cells (10) and the physiology (4) and immunology (8,9) of the female genital tract.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Propagation and Dissemination of Infection after Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Miller

Abel

et al. 2005

J Virol

379

331

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In the current global AIDS pandemic, more than half of new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections are acquired by women through intravaginal HIV exposure. For this study, we explored pathogenesis issues relevant to the development of effective vaccines to prevent infection by this route, using an animal model in which female rhesus macaques were exposed intravaginally to a high dose of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We examined in detail the events that transpire from hours to a few days after intravaginal SIV exposure through week 4 to provide a framework for understanding the propagation, dissemination, and establishment of infection in lymphatic tissues (LTs) during the acute stage of infection. We show that the mucosal barrier greatly limits the infection of cervicovaginal tissues, and thus the initial founder populations of infected cells are small. While there was evidence of rapid dissemination to distal sites, we also show that continuous seeding from an expanding source of production at the portal of entry is likely critical for the later establishment of a productive infection throughout the systemic LTs. The initially small founder populations and dependence on continuous seeding to establish a productive infection in systemic LTs define a small window of maximum vulnerability for the virus in which there is an opportunity for the host, vaccines, or other interventions to prevent or control infection.The AIDS pandemic, already the most widespread pandemic in recorded human history, has claimed the lives of millions and continues relatively unabated for want of an effective vaccine or other means of prevention. Especially urgent is the need for effective vaccines and microbicides to prevent the vaginal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), as women now account for close to 60 percent of newly acquired infections in Africa (27).The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus monkey model of vaginal HIV transmission is clearly relevant to this objective. It has been used extensively to test vaccines (1,7,12,18,22) and microbicides (16,17,19,25,28) designed to prevent vaginal transmission. Moreover, pathogenesis studies relevant to the design and testing of vaccine and microbicide candidates that would be impossible in humans can be undertaken by use of this animal model. This model uses SIV, a primate lentivirus that is closely related to HIV (5) and that can be efficiently transmitted to macaques by vaginal inoculation of cell-free inocula (11,20,21). Further, the rhesus monkey is similar to humans with regard to the populations of target cells (10) and the physiology (4) and immunology (8, 9) of the female genital tract.Here we describe the use of this animal model to address the following two critical issues for the development of vaccines to prevent systemic infection following intravaginal transmission: the role of local propagation in establishing systemic infection and the dynamics of spread to the lymphatic tissues (LTs). The intravaginal inoculation mo...

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“…However, since human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is highly variable and there is evidence that this antigenic variation may be driven by immune responses, studies using cloned virus and subunit vaccines from the same clone are essential in order to determine whether a subunit vaccine approach will successfully prevent infection with a completely homologous virus challenge. As simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is the closest relative of HIV-1 and HIV-2 (Hirsch et al, 1987;Franchini et al, 1987;Chakrabarti et al, 1987;Guyader et al, 1987), the rhesus macaque animal model has been used in many of the vaccine trials to date (Carlson et at., 1990;Desrosiers et at., I989;Johnson et aL, 1992;Marthas et al, 1990;Murphey-Corb et al, t989;Cranage IP: 54.202.233.140 On: Sun, 13 May 2018 06:24:58 530 E. W. Rud and others et al, 1992). Assessment of the protection induced in these studies was complicated because both the inactivated whole virus vaccines and challenge virus were produced on human cells and that even formalin-fixed uninfected human cells can protect a proportion of vaccines under these conditions (Stott et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and biological characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus macaque strain 32H proviral clones containing nef size variants

Rud

Cranage²,

Yon

et al. 1994

Journal of General Virology

122

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The proviral genome of the 32H reisolate of simian immunodeficiency of macaques (SIVmac32H) has been cloned and sequenced. Including both long terminal repeats, it is 10277 base pairs in length and contains open reading frames for all known SIV genes (gag, pol, vif, vpx, ~pr, tat, rev, env and neJ). This is the first report of an infectious SIVmac molecular clone which contains no premature termination codons. Three molecular clones of SIVmac32H have been constructed differing in sequence only within their last 1.2 kb. Two of the molecular clones, SIVmac32H(pJS) and SIVmae32H (pC8), differ in the nef coding region by an in-frame deletion of four amino acids in pC8 and two conservative amino acid changes; other nucleotide changes in the 3' LTR were not associated with known functionally critical motifs. The third clone, SIVmac32H(pB1), contains the last 1.2 kb of the SIVmae251 clone pBK28. The biological properties of virus produced after electroporation of these clones into C8166 cells has been assessed by infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, time to seroconversion and by induction of cytopathic effects upon co-cultivation of infected rhesus peripheral blood lymphocytes with C8166 cells. The viruses obtained from these clones have identical growth kinetics in vitro but differ in their ability to persist in macaques. Macaques infected with p J5 derived virus remain viraemic longer than macaques infected with pC8-derived virus. PCR analysis of circulating provirus indicates that the nefgene evolved over time in p J5 virusinfected macaques, whereas late in infection in pC8 virus-infected macaques the nefgene remained invariant in sequence. These results support the observation that a nefdeletion mutant of SIVmac239 lost its pathogenic potential and resulted in low-level viraemia when rhesus macaques were infected. Virus challenge pools for vaccine studies have been prepared for p J5 using both human and monkey cell substrates and these stocks have been titrated both in vitro and in vivo. Virus has also been prepared from pC8 and titrated in vitro. This virus pool is being assessed as an attenuated live-virus vaccine in macaques. Since only virus originating from the SIVmac239 molecular clone is known to cause AIDSlike symptoms in rhesus macaques consistently, the SIVmac32H molecular clones should tell us more about which viral sequence features are important for the pathogenesis of AIDS.

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The genome organization of STLV-3 is similar to that of the AIDS virus except for a truncated transmembrane protein

Cited by 151 publications

References 67 publications

Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus.

Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus.

Propagation and Dissemination of Infection after Vaginal Transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Molecular and biological characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus macaque strain 32H proviral clones containing nef size variants

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