The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians

Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár; Maár, K; Varga, Gergely I. B.; Kovacs, Beatrix; Kalmár, Tibor; Nyerki, Emil; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Tihanyi, Balázs; Marcsik, Antónia; Paragh, György; Gallina, Zsolt; Horváth, Ciprián; Varga, Sándor; Költő, László; Raskó, István; Nagy, Péter L.; Balogh, Csılla; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Götherström, Anders; George, Robert; Szalontai, Csaba; Szenthe, Gergely; Gáll, Erwin; Kiss, Attila P.; Gulyás, Bence; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett; Gál, Szilárd Sándor; Tomka, Péter; Török, Tibor

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093

Cited by 30 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These observations fit to the genomic data published by Maróti et al [56]; among the group they define as the 'conquering elite', the haplogroups N1a1a1a1a2a1c (Y13850), N1a1a1a1a4 (M2128), I2a1a2b1a1a (YP189) and R1a1a1b2a (Z94) can be found in notable frequencies.…”

Section: Comparison Of Paternal Lines With Ancient Datasupporting

confidence: 87%

“…T-M70 seems to have originated from the Fertile Crescent and possibly arrived in Europe in the Neolithic with the first farmers [53,54]; today it shows the highest frequency in East Africa and the Middle East. The Székely T-M70 samples belonged to the T1a2b1 subhaplogroup, which is rarely found in ancient data; this was made even more interesting given that it was found in the Hungarian Conquest Period horizon of the Western Hungarian Vörs-Papkert cemetery [55,56].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Coverage Mitogenomes and Y-Chromosomal Typing Reveal Ancient Lineages in the Modern-day Székely Population in Romania

Borbély

Székely

Szeifert

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Here we present 115 whole mitogenomes and 92 Y-chromosomal STR and SNP profiles from a Hungarian ethnic group, the Szekelys (in Romanian: Secuii, in German: Sekler) living in southeast Transylvania (Romania). The Szekelys can be traced back to the 12th century in the region, and numerous scientific theories exist as to their origin. We carefully selected sample providers that had local ancestors inhabiting small villages in the area of Odorheiu Secuiesc/Szekelyudvarhely in Romania. The results of our research and the reported data signify a qualitative leap compared to previous studies, since complete mitochondrial DNA sequences and Y-chromosomal data containing 23 STRs have not been available from the region until now. We evaluated the results with population genetic and phylogenetic methods, in the context of the modern and ancient populations that are either geographically or historically related to the Szekelys. Our results demonstrate a predominantly local uniparental make-up of the population that also indicates limited admixture with neighbouring populations. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presumed eastern origin of certain maternal (A, C, D) and paternal (Q, R1a) lineages and, in some cases, they could also be linked to ancient DNA data from Migration Period (5th-9th centuries AD) and Hungarian Conquest Period (10th century AD) populations.

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Section: Comparison Of Paternal Lines With Ancient Datasupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Coverage Mitogenomes and Y-Chromosomal Typing Reveal Ancient Lineages in the Modern-day Székely Population in Romania

Borbély

Székely

Szeifert

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…In summary, the results obtained by us, which show that the genetic relationships between modern Hungarians, Hungarian Conquerors, Asian Huns (Xiongnu) and ancient Avars are continuous, are fully supported by the results of the whole genome sequencing data performed by Hungarian researchers ( Maróthi et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

The paternal genetic legacy of Hungarian-speaking Rétköz (Hungary) and Váh valley (Slovakia) populations

Pamjav¹,

Fóthi

Dudás

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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One hundred and six Rétköz and 48 Váh valley samples were collected from the contact zones of Hungarian-Slovakian territories and were genotyped for Y-chromosomal haplotypes and haplogroups. The results were compared with contemporary and archaic data from published sources. The genetic composition of the Rétköz population from Hungary and the Váh valley population from Slovakia indicates different histories. In the Rétköz population, the paternal lineages that were also found in the Hungarian Conquerors, such as R1a-Z93, N-M46, Q-M242, and R1b-L23, were better preserved. These haplogroups occurred in 10% of the population. The population of the Váh valley, however, is characterized by the complete absence of these haplogroups. Our study did not detect a genetic link between the Váh valley population and the Hungarian Conquerors; the genetic composition of the Váh valley population is similar to that of the surrounding Indo-European populations. The Hungarian Rétköz males shared common haplotypes with ancient Xiongnu, ancient Avar, Caucasian Avar, Abkhazian, Balkarian, and Circassian males within haplogroups R1a-Z93, N1c-M46, and R1b-L23, indicating a common genetic footprint. Another difference between the two studied Hungarian populations can be concluded from the Fst-based MDS plot. The Váh valley, in the western part of the Hungarian-Slovakian contact zone, is genetically closer to the Western Europeans. In contrast, Rétköz is in the eastern part of that zone and therefore closer to the Eastern Europeans.

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“…Eight years later we find qpAdm -based protocols routinely employed in large-scale screens of ancient human or animal populations for admixture (often between closely related sources) and used as formal tests for admixture (see Lazaridis et al 2016, Skoglund et al 2017, Harney et al 2018, Mathieson et al 2018, Antonio et al 2019, Narasimhan et al 2019, Fernandes et al 2020, Marcus et al 2020, Ning et al 2020, Wang et al 2020, Yang et al 2020, Calhoff et al 2021, Papac et al 2021, Librado et al 2021, Sirak et al 2021, Wang et al 2021, Yaka et al 2021, Zhang et al 2021, Allentoft et al 2022, Bergström et al 2022, Changmai et al 2022a, Changmai et al 2022b, Gnecchi-Ruscone et al 2022, Lazaridis et al 2022, Maróti et al 2022, Oliveira et al 2022, Patterson et al 2022, Brielle et al 2023, Lee et al 2023, Taylor et al 2023 for examples). qpAdm fits admixture models to a matrix of f 4 -statistics of the form f 4 (“left” group i , “left” group j ; “right” group i , “right” group j ), which in the absence of missing data at the group level can be reduced to a smaller matrix f 4 (target group, “left” group j ; “right” group 1 , “right” group j ), considering algebraic relationships between different f 4 -statistics (Peter 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A less exhaustive version of the rotating qpAdm protocol, termed “model competition” (e.g., Narasimhan et al 2019, Fernandes et al 2020, Calhoff et al 2021, Sirak et al 2021, Zhang et al 2021, Maróti et al 2022, Brielle et al 2023, Lee et al 2023), is used even more widely than the basic rotating protocol. It involves an initial (standard non-rotating) qpAdm analysis on a number of source populations (see Box 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of qpAdm-based screens for genetic admixture on admixture-graph-shaped histories and stepping-stone landscapes

Yüncü

Işıldak

Williams

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Although a broad range of methods exists for reconstructing population history from genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data, just a few methods gained popularity in archaeogenetics: principal component analysis (PCA); ADMIXTURE, an algorithm that models individuals as mixtures of multiple ancestral sources represented by actual or inferred populations; formal tests for admixture such as f3-statistics and D-statistics; and qpAdm, a tool for fitting two-component and more complex admixture models to groups or individuals. Despite their popularity in archaeogenetics, which is explained by modest computational requirements and ability to analyse data of various types and qualities, protocols relying on qpAdm that screen numerous alternative models of varying complexity and find "fitting" models (often considering both estimated admixture proportions and p-values as a composite criterion of model fit) remain untested on complex simulated population histories in the form of admixture graphs of random topology. We analysed genotype data extracted from such simulations and tested various types of high-throughput qpAdm protocols ("rotating" and "non-rotating", with or without temporal stratification of target groups and proxy ancestry sources, with or without a "model competition" step). We caution that these qpAdm protocols may be inappropriate for exploratory analyses in poorly studied regions/periods since their false discovery rates varied between 12% and 68% depending on the details of the protocol and on the amount and quality of simulated data (i.e., >12% of fitting two-way admixture models imply gene flows that were not simulated), although our study has a number of limitations. We demonstrate that for reducing false discovery rates of qpAdm protocols to nearly 0% it is advisable to use large SNP sets with low missing data rates, the rotating qpAdm protocol with a strictly enforced rule that target groups do not pre-date their proxy sources, and an unsupervised ADMIXTURE analysis as a way to verify feasible qpAdm models.

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The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians

Cited by 30 publications

References 61 publications

High Coverage Mitogenomes and Y-Chromosomal Typing Reveal Ancient Lineages in the Modern-day Székely Population in Romania

High Coverage Mitogenomes and Y-Chromosomal Typing Reveal Ancient Lineages in the Modern-day Székely Population in Romania

The paternal genetic legacy of Hungarian-speaking Rétköz (Hungary) and Váh valley (Slovakia) populations

Performance of qpAdm-based screens for genetic admixture on admixture-graph-shaped histories and stepping-stone landscapes

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