The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax: a review

Souza-Neiras, Wanessa Christina; Melo, Luciane Moreno Storti de; Machado, Ricardo Luiz Dantas

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762007000300002

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Genotyping of the pvcsp gene encompassing the repeats region is often considered to differentiate among three different strains circulating in the global P. vivax populations [32]. To this context, the P. vivax VK210 strain type (also called classic type) is known to be distributed in higher frequency in comparison to the VK247 strain in almost all P. vivax endemic regions [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Evidence of Plasmodium vivax Mono and Mixed Malaria Parasite Infections in Duffy-Negative Native Cameroonians

Mbenda

Das

2014

PLoS ONE

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The malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax is known to be majorly endemic to Asian and Latin American countries with no or very few reports of Africans infected with this parasite. Since the human Duffy antigens act as receptors for P. vivax to invade human RBCs and Africans are generally Duffy-negative, non-endemicity of P. vivax in Africa has been attributed to this fact. However, recent reports describing P. vivax infections in Duffy-negative Africans from West and Central parts of Africa have been surfaced including a recent report on P. vivax infection in native Cameroonians. In order to know if Cameroonians living in the southern regions are also susceptible to P. vivax infection, we collected finger-prick blood samples from 485 malarial symptomatic patients in five locations and followed PCR diagnostic assays with DNA sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Out of the 201 malaria positive cases detected, 193 were pure P. falciparum, six pure P. vivax and two mixed parasite infections (P. falciparum + P. vivax). The eight P. vivax infected samples (six single + two mixed) were further subjected to DNA sequencing of the P. vivax multidrug resistance 1 (pvmdr1) and the P.vivax circumsporozoite (pvcsp) genes. Alignment of the eight Cameroonian pvmdr1 sequences with the reference sequence showed high sequence similarities, reconfirming P. vivax infection in all the eight patients. DNA sequencing of the pvcsp gene indicated all the eight P. vivax to be of VK247 type. Interestingly, DNA sequencing of a part of the human Duffy gene covering the promoter region in the eight P. vivax-infected Cameroonians to identify the T-33C mutation revealed all these patients as Duffy-negative. The results provide evidence of single P. vivax as well as mixed malaria parasite infection in native Cameroonians and add knowledge to the growing evidences of P. vivax infection in Duffy-negative Africans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Evidence of Plasmodium vivax Mono and Mixed Malaria Parasite Infections in Duffy-Negative Native Cameroonians

Mbenda

Das

2014

PLoS ONE

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“…In the Americas and Asia, P. vivax is the most prevalent malaria species; in Brazil it represents more than 80% of clinical cases reported annually from the Amazon region [184]. The ability of this parasite to complete its sporogonic cycle at a temperature as low as 16 ºC, compared with 21 ºC for P. falciparum, has substantially contributed to its success in establishing stable foci of transmission in temperate zones [185]. Since removal of the vector of transmission (the Anopheles mosquito) is almost impossible, new antimalarial [198] (S)-(+)-curcuphenol Sesquiterpene Phenol Myrmekioderma styx L. donovani [89] 1,8a;8b,3a-didehydro-8 -hydroxyptilocaulin and 1,8a;8b,3a-didehydro-8 -hydroxyptilocaulin…”

Section: Antiprotozoal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Sponges: Potential Sources of New Antimicrobial Drugs

Laport¹,

Santos²,

Muricy³

2009

CPB

251

191

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Sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile marine filter feeders that have developed efficient defense mechanisms against foreign attackers such as viruses, bacteria, or eukaryotic organisms. Marine sponges are among the richest sources of pharmacologically-active chemicals from marine organisms. It is suggested that (at least) some of the bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from sponges are produced by functional enzyme clusters, which originated from the sponges and their associated microorganisms. More than 5,300 different products are known from sponges and their associated microorganisms, and more than 200 new metabolites from sponges are reported each year. As infectious microorganisms evolve and develop resistance to existing pharmaceuticals, the marine sponge provides novel leads against bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic diseases. Many marine natural products have successfully advanced to the late stages of clinical trials, as for example ara-A (vidarabine), an anti-viral drug used against the herpes simplex encephalitis virus. This substance is in clinical use for many years. Moreover, a growing number of candidates have been selected as promising leads for extended preclinical assessment, including manzamine A (activity against malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, and others), lasonolides (antifungal activity) and psammaplin A (antibacterial activity). In this review we have surveyed the discoveries of products derived from marine sponges and associated bacteria that have shown in vivo efficacy or potent in vitro activity against infectious and parasitic diseases, including bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan infections. Our objective was to highlight the substances that have the greatest potential to lead to clinically useful treatments.

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“…The P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP), one of the erythrocyte-binding proteins, is a 140 kDa protein that contains 2 functionally conserved cysteine-rich regions, regions II and IV [51,52]. The polymorphic nature of the antigen, particularly in region II, which contains the central binding domain necessary for the adherence to erythrocyte, is a major impediment to the successful design of a protective vaccine against vivax malaria [53].…”

Section: Dbpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This gene has only a few predominant haplotypes and thus limited genetic diversity has been shown in various geographic regions [52]. However, SNPs have been identified in some gene regions of PvAMA-1 [57].…”

Section: Ama-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic Characteristics of Polymorphic Antigenic Markers among Korean Isolates of Plasmodium vivax

2009

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The high levels of antigenic polymorphism found in most P. vivax parasites indicate the development of sophisticated evasion of the human immune system [8]. Detailed knowledge of this genetic variation and comparisons of inter-and intra-speciesspecific levels of gene variation will both resolve epidemiological questions about parasite origin and provide tools with which to design an effective vaccine. Polymorphic repetitive sequences, Genetic Characteristics of Polymorphic Antigenic Markers among Korean Isolates of Plasmodium vivaxKorean J Parasitol. Vol. 47, Supplement: S51-S58, October 2009 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009 Abstract: Plasmodium vivax, a protozoan malaria parasite of humans, represents a major public health concern in the Republic of Korea (= South Korea). However, little is known about the genetic properties and population structures of the P. vivax isolates circulating in South Korea. This article reviews known polymorphic genetic markers in South Korean isolates of P. vivax and briefly summarizes the current issues surrounding the gene and population structures of this parasite. The critical genetic characteristics of major antigens of the parasite, such as circumsporozoite protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) and MSP-3, Duffy binding protein (DBP), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1), and GAM-1, are also discussed.

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The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax: a review

Cited by 29 publications

References 84 publications

Molecular Evidence of Plasmodium vivax Mono and Mixed Malaria Parasite Infections in Duffy-Negative Native Cameroonians

Molecular Evidence of Plasmodium vivax Mono and Mixed Malaria Parasite Infections in Duffy-Negative Native Cameroonians

Marine Sponges: Potential Sources of New Antimicrobial Drugs

Genetic Characteristics of Polymorphic Antigenic Markers among Korean Isolates of Plasmodium vivax

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