The Genetic Diversity in Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigeridae) and the Phylogenetic Relationship of Scutigeromorpha Using the Mitochondrial Genome

Abstract

Based on morphological characteristics to make species identification, the cryptic species of the Scutigeromorpha can be greatly underestimated. The mitochondrial genome provides a desirable tool for the biological identifications and the discovery of the cryptic species. The capacity to acquire mitochondrial genome sequences has substantially improved in recent years using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. On the basis of the next-generation sequencing, we obtained four complete mitochondrial genomes of Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) from Nanyang, Henan Province (NY), Nanchang, Jiangxi Province (NC), Jinan, Shandong Province (JN), and Dali, Yunnan Province (DL) in China with GenBank numbers OK513221, OL449685, ON058988 and ON058989, respectively. The lengths of the four mitochondrial genomes ranged from 14,903 to 14,909 bp. The composition and order of genes of the four mitochondrial genomes were identical to the published mitochondrial genome of Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Scutigeromorpha: Scutigerdae). It was the first time that the tandem repeats in the control region were detected in Scutigeromorpha. We also calculated the corrected pairwise genetic distance of four complete mitochondrial genomes of T. tuberculata, ranging from 7.7 to 15.2%. The results showed that the T.tuberculata NC belonged to the typical sample of T. tuberculata, and T. tuberculata DL was hypothesized as a cryptic species of T. tuberculata. Meanwhile, T. tuberculata NY and T. tuberculata JN were hypothesized as potential cryptic species of T. tuberculata in this study. In both BI and ML trees, the monophyly of Scutigeromorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Geophilomorpha, and Lithobiomorpha was forcefully advocated. Moreover, Scutigeromorpha was recovered as the sister clade of (Scolopendromorpha + (Lithobiomorpha + Geophilomorpha)). Four specimens of T. tuberculata were clustered into one clade, which was the sister to the clade of S. coleoptrata.

Mitogenomic Comparison of the Mole Crickets Gryllotalpidae with the Phylogenetic Implications (Orthoptera: Ensifera)

“…The lengths of the 13 PCGs range from 156 bp of atp8 to 1723 bp of nad5 in both mitogenomes newly sequenced. The shortest atp8 and longest nad5 , also found in other four gryllotalpids, are common features in metazoan mitogenomes [ 52 , 53 ].…”

The Genetic Diversity and the Divergence Time in Extant Primitive Mayfly, Siphluriscus chinensis Ulmer, 1920 Using the Mitochondrial Genome

“…Insect mt genomes usually contain thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), twenty-two transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and a single central non-coding region [ 25 ]. Due to its rapid evolution rate, maternal inheritance and small genome size, the mt genome has been extensively used as a molecular marker for reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships and identification of cryptic species [ 7 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Currently, most researchers define cryptic species as being two or more distinct species that have been misclassified (or hidden) under the same species name [ 33 ].…”