The genetic basis of adaptive pigmentation variation in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Pool, John E.; Aquadro, Charles F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03324.x

Cited by 134 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Within D. melanogaster, genetic mapping suggests that functional variants affecting pigmentation lie within both transcriptional regulators (bric-a-brac [23], optomotor-blind [24]) and pigment synthesis genes (ebony [25]). Between Drosophila species, genetic mapping suggests functional divergence at loci encoding pigment synthesis effector genes (ebony [26], tan [5,27]), although these studies do not exclude a role for patterning genes.…”

Section: Lessons From Drosophilamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alleles segregating in the wild tend to have more moderate effects. For example, mutant phenotypes indicate that ebony, bric-a-brac, and optomotor-blind are all pleiotropic genes, yet they exhibit variation in natural populations that correlates with pigmentation diversity [23][24][25]. Studies of sequence variation in catsup show precisely how pleiotropy can be subdivided by single nucleotide polymorphisms [82].…”

Section: Potential Consequences Of Pleiotropy For Evolutionary Diversmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Wittkopp

Beldade

2009

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

290

291

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a b s t r a c tInsect pigmentation is a premier model system in evolutionary and developmental biology. It has been at the heart of classical studies as well as recent breakthroughs. In insects, pigments are produced by epidermal cells through a developmental process that includes pigment patterning and synthesis. Many aspects of this process also impact other phenotypes, including behavior and immunity. This review discusses recent work on the development and evolution of insect pigmentation, with a focus on pleiotropy and its effects on color pattern diversification.

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Section: Lessons From Drosophilamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Potential Consequences Of Pleiotropy For Evolutionary Diversmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Wittkopp

Beldade

2009

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

290

291

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“…For example, in warm-blooded species, individuals at higher latitudes tend to be smaller than those found at the equator (Bergmann 1847;Allen 1877) and birds in humid climates tend to be darker in pigmentation than those in drier habitats (Gloger 1833). There are many other examples of phenotypic adaptations to local environments, including cyptic pigmentation in deer mice (Sumner 1929;Mullen and Hoekstra 2008), body size and pigmentation gradients in Drosophila (e.g., Coyne and Beecham 1987;Huey et al 2000;Pool and Aquadro 2007), skin pigmentation clines in humans (Relethford 1997), and toxic soil resistance in plants ( Jain and Bradshaw 1966). Such patterns were among the earliest types of evidence used to demonstrate the action of local adaptation as a force driving phenotypic differences between populations within a species (e.g., Huxley 1939;Mayr 1942).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Environmental Correlations to Identify Loci Underlying Local Adaptation

Coop

Witonsky²,

Rienzo³

et al. 2010

Genetics

654

903

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Loci involved in local adaptation can potentially be identified by an unusual correlation between allele frequencies and important ecological variables or by extreme allele frequency differences between geographic regions. However, such comparisons are complicated by differences in sample sizes and the neutral correlation of allele frequencies across populations due to shared history and gene flow. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed a Bayesian method that estimates the empirical pattern of covariance in allele frequencies between populations from a set of markers and then uses this as a null model for a test at individual SNPs. In our model the sample frequencies of an allele across populations are drawn from a set of underlying population frequencies; a transform of these population frequencies is assumed to follow a multivariate normal distribution. We first estimate the covariance matrix of this multivariate normal across loci using a Monte Carlo Markov chain. At each SNP, we then provide a measure of the support, a Bayes factor, for a model where an environmental variable has a linear effect on the transformed allele frequencies compared to a model given by the covariance matrix alone. This test is shown through power simulations to outperform existing correlation tests. We also demonstrate that our method can be used to identify SNPs with unusually large allele frequency differentiation and offers a powerful alternative to tests based on pairwise or global F ST . Software is available at http://www. eve.ucdavis.edu/gmcoop/.

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“…In no Drosophila species except where pigmentation is sex-specific is the ecological force that selected for the dark phenotype known. Dark pigmentation of some Drosophila species tends to associate with higher altitudes, where the coloration may help the flies regulate temperature or prevent desiccation through the control of cuticular water loss (Gibert et al, 1998;Brisson et al, 2005;Pool and Aquadro, 2007;Rajpurohit et al, 2008). However, based on climate data, the geographic range of D. tenebrosa is not generally colder or drier compared with the boreal forests of the northern North America, where D. suboccidentalis and several other lightly colored and closely related quinaria group species occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two genomic regions together cause dark abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila tenebrosa

2013

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Pigmentation is a rapidly evolving trait that is under both natural and sexual selection in many organisms. In the quinaria group of Drosophila, nearly all of the 30 species have an abdomen that is light in color with distinct markings; D. tenebrosa is the exception in that it has a completely melanic abdomen with no visible markings. In this study, we use a combination of quantitative genetic and candidate gene approaches to investigate the genetic basis of abdominal pigmentation in D. tenebrosa. We find that abdominal pigmentation is invariant across wild-caught lines of D. tenebrosa and is not sexually dimorphic. Quantitative genetic mapping utilizing crosses between D. tenebrosa and the light-colored D. suboccidentalis indicates that two genomic regions together underlie abdominal pigmentation, including the X-chromosome and an autosome (Muller Element C/E). Further support for their central importance in pigmentation is that experimental introgression of one phenotype into the other species, in either direction, results in introgression of these two genomic regions. Finally, the expression of the X-linked gene yellow in the pupae exactly foreshadows the adult melanization pattern in the abdomen of both species, suggesting that changes in the regulation of yellow are important for the phenotypic divergence of D. tenebrosa from the rest of the quinaria group. These results contribute to a body of work that demonstrates how changes in expression of highly conserved genes can cause substantial phenotypic differences even between closely related species.

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The genetic basis of adaptive pigmentation variation in Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 134 publications

References 42 publications

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: Genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy

Using Environmental Correlations to Identify Loci Underlying Local Adaptation

Two genomic regions together cause dark abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila tenebrosa

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