The Generation of ULF/ELF/VLF Waves in the Ionosphere by Modulated Heating

Guo, Zhe; Fang, Hanxian; Honary, F.

doi:10.3390/universe7020029

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…In addition, ambient power‐line harmonics (Fedorov et al., 2021 ; Park & Helliwell, 1978 ), intentional VLF transmissions from terrestrial power lines and high‐power VLF transmitters can leak into space where they may interact with energetic electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere (Hua et al., 2020 ; Ma et al., 2017 ; Ross et al., 2019 ). Several man‐made facilities have been developed to study this wave‐particle‐interaction process including VLF transmitters (Helliwell, 1977 , 1988 ), high‐power HF facilities for modulations of natural ionosphere currents in the ionosphere (Guo et al., 2021 ), large satellite antennas driven by high power signal generators, electron beams that are modulated at VLF rates, and high‐speed neutral injections that rapidly photoionize in sunlight (Borovsky & Delzanno, 2019 ; Sotnikov et al., 2018 ). These techniques require dedicated, expensive engineering efforts for design, construction, and testing before they are deployed on the ground or in space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons Using Rocket Exhaust Driven Amplification (REDA) of Man‐Made Whistlers

et al. 2022

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Ground‐based very low frequency (VLF) transmitters located around the world generate signals that leak through the bottom side of the ionosphere in the form of whistler mode waves. Wave and particle measurements on satellites have observed that these man‐made VLF waves can be strong enough to scatter trapped energetic electrons into low pitch angle orbits, causing loss by absorption in the lower atmosphere. This precipitation loss process is greatly enhanced by intentional amplification of the whistler waves using a newly discovered process called rocket exhaust driven amplification (REDA). Satellite measurements of REDA have shown between 30 and 50 dB intensification of VLF waves in space using a 60 s burn of the 150 g/s thruster on the Cygnus satellite that services the International Space Station. This controlled amplification process is adequate to deplete the energetic particle population on the affected field lines in a few minutes rather than the multi‐day period it would take naturally. Numerical simulations of the pitch angle diffusion for radiation belt particles use the UCLA quasi‐linear Fokker Planck model to assess the impact of REDA on radiation belt remediation of newly injected energetic electrons. The simulated precipitation fluxes of energetic electrons are applied to models of D‐region electron density and bremsstrahlung X‐rays for predictions of the modified environment that can be observed with satellite and ground‐based sensors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons Using Rocket Exhaust Driven Amplification (REDA) of Man‐Made Whistlers

et al. 2022

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“…The occurrence of sidebands around the carrier frequency of pulses is discussed in a review by Gołkowski et al (2019) who additionally examine the frequencies of the observed echoes which are missing (see also "Discussions" later on). One can see additional results in review papers by Cohen and Gołkowski (2013), and recently by Guo et al (2021). Overall, ELF/VLF magnetospheric wave injection experiments with HAARP show that the facility injects ELF/VLF waves into the magnetosphere primarily from directly above the heated portion of the ionosphere (Golkowski et al 2011).…”

Section: Previous Results From Haarp Heatingmentioning

confidence: 97%

On the use of ELF/VLF emissions triggered by HAARP to simulate PLHR and to study associated MLR events

Parrot

Němec

Cohen

et al. 2022

Earth Planets Space

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A spectrogram of Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR) consists of a set of lines with frequency spacing corresponding exactly to 50 or 60 Hz. It is distinct from a spectrogram of Magnetospheric Line Radiation (MLR) where the lines are not equidistant and drift in frequency. PLHR and MLR propagate in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere and are recorded by ground experiments and satellites. If the source of PLHR is evident, the origin of the MLR is still under debate and the purpose of this paper is to understand how MLR lines are formed. The ELF waves triggered by High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) in the ionosphere are used to simulate lines (pulses of different lengths and different frequencies). Several receivers are utilized to survey the propagation of these pulses. The resulting waves are simultaneously recorded by ground-based experiments close to HAARP in Alaska, and by the low-altitude satellite DEMETER either above HAARP or its magnetically conjugate point. Six cases are presented which show that 2-hop echoes (pulses going back and forth in the magnetosphere) are very often observed. The pulses emitted by HAARP return in the Northern hemisphere with a time delay. A detailed spectral analysis shows that sidebands can be triggered and create elements with superposed frequency lines which drift in frequency during the propagation. These elements acting like quasi-periodic emissions are subjected to equatorial amplification and can trigger hooks and falling tones. At the end all these known physical processes lead to the formation of the observed MLR by HAARP pulses. It is shown that there is a tendency for the MLR frequencies of occurrence to be around 2 kHz although the exciting waves have been emitted at lower and higher frequencies. Graphical Abstract

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“…Thus, intense Pc1 pulsations can suppress the natural or artificial radiation belts. Therefore, the idea emerged to stimulate the excitation of artificial Pc1 pulsations with the use of the radio heating facilities, for example, HAARP or Sura (see review of Guo et al (2021)). However, the modulated heating of the ionosphere demands a high cost of construction and maintenance of radio-heating facilities.…”

Section: Generation Of Artificial Pc1 Pulsations By Ground Power Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of Artificial ULF/ELF Electromagnetic Emission in the Ionosphere by Horizontal Ground‐Based Current System

Fedorov,

Mazur,

Pilipenko

et al. 2023

JGR Space Physics

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The feasibility of the detection of electromagnetic response in the upper ionosphere to ground large‐scale ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) and extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF) transmitters by low‐Earth‐orbit (LEO) satellites is considered. As an example of such transmitters, we consider the ZEVS 82 Hz transmitter, FENICS installation driven by 0.5–150 Hz generator, and industrial 50 Hz unbalanced power transmission lines. We numerically model the ULF/ELF wave energy leakage into the upper ionosphere from an oscillating grounded linear power line of a finite length suspended above a ground with a finite resistivity. The numerical scheme is based on the theoretical formalism developed to describe the excitation of an electromagnetic field by a horizontal grounded dipole. A realistic altitudinal profile of the plasma parameters has been reconstructed with the use of the IRI ionospheric model. For the ZEVS transmitter powered by 200 A current the modeled amplitudes of electromagnetic response can reach in the upper nightside ionosphere up to 60 µV/m and 6 pT. The assumption of an infinite source scale overestimates the ionospheric response by a factor of ∼7 as compared with realistic scale 60 km of the ZEVS transmitter. Unbalanced 50 Hz current of 10 A in large‐scale (>100 km) power transmission lines can produce the electric response in the upper ionosphere that is sufficient to be detected by electric sensors at LEO satellite. The stimulation of artificial Pc1 pulsations (0.5 Hz) with amplitudes ∼1 pT and ∼10 µV/m by large‐scale (>100 km) power lines is possible with driving current >100 A. The use of decommissioned power lines can be a cheap and efficient tool to stimulate Pc1 pulsations in the ionosphere.

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The Generation of ULF/ELF/VLF Waves in the Ionosphere by Modulated Heating

Cited by 9 publications

References 83 publications

Active Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons Using Rocket Exhaust Driven Amplification (REDA) of Man‐Made Whistlers

Active Precipitation of Radiation Belt Electrons Using Rocket Exhaust Driven Amplification (REDA) of Man‐Made Whistlers

On the use of ELF/VLF emissions triggered by HAARP to simulate PLHR and to study associated MLR events

Generation of Artificial ULF/ELF Electromagnetic Emission in the Ionosphere by Horizontal Ground‐Based Current System

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