The generation of the first visible wind waves

Caulliez, Guillemette; Ricci, N.; Düpont, R.

doi:10.1063/1.869600

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This is consistent with the CL II mechanism of an interaction of shear stress and waves Craik and Leibovich [] and has previously been observed by Caulliez [] and Veron and Melville [].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larger‐scale cold streaks in the infrared images are consistent in scale and spacing with the Langmuir circulation‐induced cold surface streaks observed in infrared images and other visualization techniques by Gemmrich and Hasse [], Caulliez [], Melville et al . [], and Veron and Melville [] and also only appear in the presence of surface waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing the footprints of near‐surface aqueous turbulence: An image processing‐based approach

et al. 2013

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[1] In this contribution, a detailed investigation of surface thermal patterns on the water surface is presented, with wind speeds ranging from 1 to 7 m s -1 and various surface conditions. Distinct structures can be observed on the surface-small-scale short-lived structures termed fish scales and larger-scale cold streaks that are consistent with the footprints of Langmuir circulations. The structure of the surface heat pattern depends strongly on wind-induced stress. Consistent behavior regarding the spacing of cold streaks can be observed in a range of laboratory facilities when expressed as a function of water-sided friction velocity, u * . This behavior systematically decreased until a point of saturation at u * = 0.7 cm/s. We present a new image processing-based approach to the analysis of the spacing of cold streaks based on a machine learning approach to classify the thermal footprints of near-surface turbulence. Comparison is made with studies of Langmuir circulation and the following key points are found. Results suggest a saturation in the tangential stress, anticipating that similar behavior will be observed in the open ocean. A relation to Langmuir numbers shows that thermal footprints in infrared images are consistent with Langmuir circulations and depend strongly on wind wave conditions.

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“…This is consistent with the CL II mechanism of an interaction of shear stress and waves Craik and Leibovich [] and has previously been observed by Caulliez [] and Veron and Melville [].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the footprints of near‐surface aqueous turbulence: An image processing‐based approach

et al. 2013

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“…Later works (Kawai 1979; van Gastel, Janssen & Komen 1985;Janssen 1986) emphasized the role of the water shear current that modifies the gravity-capillary dispersion relation due to the Doppler shift effect, caused by the current. The importance of the induced current was further emphasized by Caulliez, Ricci & Dupont (1998). They experimentally studied the first visible wind waves and observed an 'explosive' growth related to the three-dimensional instability and the laminar-turbulent transition in the drift current.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Experimental study of the initial stages of wind waves' spatial evolution

Liberzon

Shemer

2011

J. Fluid Mech.

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Despite a significant progress and numerous publications over the last few decades a comprehensive understanding of the process of waves' excitation by wind still has not been achieved. The main goal of the present work was to provide as comprehensive as possible set of experimental data that can be quantitatively compared with theoretical models. Measurements at various air flow rates and at numerous fetches were carried out in a small scale, closed-loop, 5 m long wind wave flume. Mean airflow velocity and fluctuations of the static pressure were measured at 38 vertical locations above the mean water surface simultaneously with determination of instantaneous water surface elevations by wave gauges. Instantaneous fluctuations of two velocity components were recorded for all vertical locations at a single fetch. The water surface drift velocity was determined by the particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) method. Evaluation of spatial growth rates of waves at various frequencies was performed using wave gauge records at various fetches. Phase relations between various signals were established by cross-spectral analysis. Waves' celerities and pressure fluctuation phase lags relative to the surface elevation were determined. Pressure values at the water surface were determined by extrapolating the measured vertical profile of pressure fluctuations to the mean water level and used to calculate the form drag and consequently the energy transfer rates from wind to waves. Directly obtained spatial growth rates were compared with those obtained from energy transfer calculations, as well as with previously available data.

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“…The understanding of dissipation induced by breaking waves at various scales has been the topic of intensive research in recent decades, combining field work in the open ocean (Melville 1996;Melville & Matusov 2002;Veron et al 2008;Sutherland & Melville 2013), laboratory experiments on wave breaking (Melville & Rapp 1985;Tulin & Waseda 1999;Rapp & Melville 1990;Banner & Peirson 2007;Drazen et al 2008), and the dissipation induced by smaller scales involving surface tension, like micro-breaking, spilling breaking (Duncan et al 1999;Duncan 2001;Liu & Duncan 2003, 2006 and parasitic capillary waves (Perlin et al 1993;Jiang et al 1999;Caulliez et al 1998;Su 1982;Caulliez 2013). The importance of small scales, O(1 − 10) cm in the global ocean wave energy fluxes is still an open question and needs further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capillary effects on wave breaking

2015

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We investigate the influence of capillary effects on wave breaking through direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations for a two-phase air-water flow. A parametric study in terms of the Bond number, Bo, and the initial wave steepness, , is performed at a relatively high Reynolds number. The onset of wave breaking as a function of these two parameters is determined and a phase diagram in terms of ( , Bo) is presented that distinguishes between non-breaking gravity waves, parasitic capillaries on a gravity wave, spilling breakers and plunging breakers. At high Bond number, a critical steepness c defines the wave stability. At low Bond number, the influence of surface tension is quantified through two boundaries separating, firstly gravity-capillary waves and breakers, and secondly spilling and plunging breakers; both boundaries scaling as ∼ (1 + Bo) −1/3 . Finally the wave energy dissipation is estimated for each wave regime and the influence of steepness and surface tension effects on the total wave dissipation is discussed. The breaking parameter b is estimated and is found to be in good agreement with experimental results for breaking waves. Moreover, the enhanced dissipation by parasitic capillaries is consistent with the dissipation due to breaking waves.

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The generation of the first visible wind waves

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Analyzing the footprints of near‐surface aqueous turbulence: An image processing‐based approach

Analyzing the footprints of near‐surface aqueous turbulence: An image processing‐based approach

Experimental study of the initial stages of wind waves' spatial evolution

Capillary effects on wave breaking

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