The Generation and Maintenance of Genetic Variation by Frequency-Dependent Selection: Constructing Polymorphisms Under the Pairwise Interaction Model

Trotter, Meredith V.; Spencer, Hamish G.

doi:10.1534/genetics.108.088880

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Frequency-dependent selection has been recognized as one of the most common explanations for the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms [43,44]. This frequency dependence may not only affect morph-specific fitness [29,30] but also the phenotype [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-dependent variation in mimetic fidelity in an intraspecific mimicry system

et al. 2011

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Contemporary theory predicts that the degree of mimetic similarity of mimics towards their model should increase as the mimic/model ratio increases. Thus, when the mimic/model ratio is high, then the mimic has to resemble the model very closely to still gain protection from the signal receiver. To date, empirical evidence of this effect is limited to a single example where mimicry occurs between species. Here, for the first time, we test whether mimetic fidelity varies with mimic/model ratios in an intraspecific mimicry system, in which signal receivers are the same species as the mimics and models. To this end, we studied a polymorphic damselfly with a single male phenotype and two female morphs, in which one morph resembles the male phenotype while the other does not. Phenotypic similarity of males to both female morphs was quantified using morphometric data for multiple populations with varying mimic/model ratios repeated over a 3 year period. Our results demonstrate that male-like females were overall closer in size to males than the other female morph. Furthermore, the extent of morphological similarity between male-like females and males, measured as Mahalanobis distances, was frequency-dependent in the direction predicted. Hence, this study provides direct quantitative support for the prediction that the mimetic similarity of mimics to their models increases as the mimic/model ratio increases. We suggest that the phenomenon may be widespread in a range of mimicry systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency-dependent variation in mimetic fidelity in an intraspecific mimicry system

et al. 2011

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“…We know from the general construction PIM for FDS (Trotter and Spencer 2008) that the impacts, the w ij,km , greatly affect the likelihood of allele A m successfully invading the polymorphism. A mutant allele that leads to low values of w ij,km will drag down the fitnesses of existing alleles, thereby improving its own chances of invading the polymorphism.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each mutant interaction fitness (w km,ij ) is a function of the existing interaction fitness (w kp,ij ) of the corresponding parental genotype (A k A p ) and is given by a kp,ij w kp,ij , where each a is drawn from a rescaled beta-distribution on [0, 1.5] with m a ¼ 0:95; s In this case, as in case 1, both homozygote and heterozygote mutant fitnesses are functions of the existing interaction fitness (w kp,ij ) of the corresponding parental genotype (A k A p ) and are given by a kp,ij w kp,ij , where each a is drawn from a rescaled beta-distribution on [0, 1.5] with m a ¼ 0:95; s 2 a ¼ 0:001. We know from the general construction PIM for FDS (Trotter and Spencer 2008) that the impacts, the w ij,km , greatly affect the likelihood of allele A m successfully invading the polymorphism. A mutant allele that leads to low values of w ij,km will drag down the fitnesses of existing alleles, thereby improving its own chances of invading the polymorphism.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method implies independence between the fitnesses of the parental and mutant alleles and the impact of the new allele on existing genotypes. The data shown for this case are taken from Trotter and Spencer (2008) and are used as the basis for comparison for the other cases. …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Early constructionist models of genetic variation found that constant viability can easily generate intermediate numbers of alleles Marks 1988, 1992;Marks and Spencer 1991). A recent model of polymorphism construction using the PIM (Trotter and Spencer 2008) found FDS with recurrent mutation can result in very high levels of single-locus polymorphism.…”

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Models of Frequency-Dependent Selection with Mutation from Parental Alleles

Trotter

Spencer

2013

Genetics

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Frequency-dependent selection (FDS) remains a common heuristic explanation for the maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations. The pairwise-interaction model (PIM) is a well-studied general model of frequency-dependent selection, which assumes that a genotype's fitness is a function of within-population intergenotypic interactions. Previous theoretical work indicated that this type of model is able to sustain large numbers of alleles at a single locus when it incorporates recurrent mutation. These studies, however, have ignored the impact of the distribution of fitness effects of new mutations on the dynamics and end results of polymorphism construction. We suggest that a natural way to model mutation would be to assume mutant fitness is related to the fitness of the parental allele, i.e., the existing allele from which the mutant arose. Here we examine the numbers and distributions of fitnesses and alleles produced by construction under the PIM with mutation from parental alleles and the impacts on such measures due to different methods of generating mutant fitnesses. We find that, in comparison with previous results, generating mutants from existing alleles lowers the average number of alleles likely to be observed in a system subject to FDS, but produces polymorphisms that are highly stable and have realistic allele-frequency distributions. IT has been nearly 50 years since molecular techniques first revealed the ubiquity of genetic variation in nature (Hubby and Lewontin 1966). Neutral theories of the maintenance of variation (Ohta 1973;Kimura 1984) remain the dominant framework underlying most population-genetic models, but we now know that most, if not all, genetic variation is subject to some degree of natural selection (Hahn 2008). Despite a rich theoretical and empirical literature on the subject, however, pinning down the mechanisms that allow selective maintenance of genetic variation remains a stubborn challenge (Leffler et al. 2012).Early theoretical work in this area focused on the maintenance of diallelic polymorphisms (e.g., Levene 1953;Li 1955;Lewontin 1958;Haldane and Jayakar 1963;Hedrick 1986), largely for mathematical convenience. Unfortunately, the results of diallelic approaches quite often do not scale up to the multiallelic case in intuitive or analytically tractable ways (Gillespie 1977;Lewontin et al. 1978;Karlin 1981;Clark and Feldman 1986;Matessi and Schneider 2009;Muirhead and Wakeley 2009;Nagylaki 2009;Schneider 2009;Waxman 2009). Empirical studies confirm that nonneutral polymorphisms with more than two alleles are very common (Keith 1983;Keith et al. 1985;Bradley et al. 1993;Moriyama and Powell 1996;Hahn 2008). MHC loci, to name one extreme example, can have hundreds of alleles (for a review, see Garrigan and Hedrick 2003).The standard approach to modeling the maintenance of selected polymorphism-what we call the "parameter-space approach"-has been to generate large numbers of fitness sets, either randomly (Lewontin et al. 1978;Clark and Feldman 1986; Asmusse...

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Negative frequency‐dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails (Littorina fabalis and Littorina saxatilis)

Estévez

Galindo

Rolán‐Alvarez

2021

Ecology and Evolution

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The Generation and Maintenance of Genetic Variation by Frequency-Dependent Selection: Constructing Polymorphisms Under the Pairwise Interaction Model

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

Frequency-dependent variation in mimetic fidelity in an intraspecific mimicry system

Frequency-dependent variation in mimetic fidelity in an intraspecific mimicry system

Models of Frequency-Dependent Selection with Mutation from Parental Alleles

Negative frequency‐dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails (Littorina fabalis and Littorina saxatilis)

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