The Generalized Intersection Approach for Electromagnetic Array Antenna Beam-Shaping Synthesis: A Review

Prado, Daniel R.

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3199734

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Table 3 shows a comparison of the proposed optimization technique for spatially fed arrays with others described in the literature in terms of the type of constraints, capabilities and computational performance. The other techniques are based on the definition of upper and lower templates in the region of interest that are used to trim the near field according to the given specifications [47]. Although is claimed that figures of merit, such as pointing direction, ripple, secondary lobes, etc., are optimized [33], in reality, they are used to define the templates which are the ones actually used in the algorithm.…”

Section: Wideband Multi-frequency Optimization Of the Near-field Figu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more direct comparison can be performed with the synthesis technique employed in [28], since it also implements both magnitude and phase constraints. To this end, upper and lower templates [47] were defined in three regions, Ω 1 , Ω 2 and Ω 3 , as shown in Figure 3. Ω 1 is still the region where the plane wave is to be generated and so the templates impose ripples of 1 dB for the magnitude and 10°for the phase.…”

Section: Wideband Multi-frequency Optimization Of the Near-field Figu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plane-Wave Generation through General Near-Field In-Band Reflectarray Direct Layout Optimization with Figure of Merit Constraints in mm-Wave Band

Prado

2022

Electronics

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A general near-field (NF) in-band synthesis strategy is presented for the direct layout optimization (DLO) of reflectarrays with application to the generation of plane waves for the mm-wave band. The technique relies on the definition of relevant figures of merit (FoM) and the use of a gradient-based minimization algorithm. To this end, the volume where the NF is computed is divided into a number of disjoint regions where the FoM are defined. These FoM define the performance of the antenna and their direct optimization enables improvement compared to previous approaches described in the literature, while reducing the memory footprint of the algorithm and accelerating computation. The optimization procedure is divided into several stages to facilitate convergence towards a successful outcome. First, a phase-only synthesis is carried out at a single frequency. Then, a reflectarray layout is obtained using a method of moments based on local periodicity, accounting for mutual coupling between elements. Finally, an in-band DLO is performed at a number of frequencies directly optimizing the FoM. The results show that the obtained reflectarray layout complies with the requirements in the frequency range 27 GHz–29 GHz within the 5G new radio n257 band.

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Section: Wideband Multi-frequency Optimization Of the Near-field Figu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wideband Multi-frequency Optimization Of the Near-field Figu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plane-Wave Generation through General Near-Field In-Band Reflectarray Direct Layout Optimization with Figure of Merit Constraints in mm-Wave Band

Prado

2022

Electronics

Self Cite

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“…Likewise, transmitarrays frequently adopt these methodologies for beam formulation, as reported in [8], [9]. Alternative theoretical beam synthesis methodologies have explored strategies such as geometrical optics [10], near-field synthesis via FFT [11], and the generalized intersection method [12]. However, these methodologies reported so far exhibit inherent limitations in accurately predicting beam patterns due to the challenges of comprehensively incorporating both the characteristics of the complex-configured unit cell elements and the measurement environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Precision in Beam Pattern Synthesis for Compact Transmitarray Antenna Design: Integrating Comprehensive Unit Cell and Measurement Environment Models

Hwang,

Kim,

Lee

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This study introduces a high-accuracy beam pattern synthesis technique using comprehensive unit cell and near-field measurement environment modeling for a miniaturized 8×8 transmitarray antenna with a unit cell period of 0.4λ 0 . The unit cell comprises transmitting and receiving antennas, a single pole double throw PIN diode switch, and a two-stage reflection-type phase shifter. This beam pattern synthesis methodology integrates measured data from individual unit cell components, coupled with simulations of a simple feed antenna and an infinite array transmitting antenna. This approach enables precise prediction of the transmitarray's beam pattern and overall performance, effectively circumventing the need for extensive finite array full-wave electromagnetic simulations. Notably, the calculated beam pattern closely aligns with the experimental results with high accuracy.

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“…The fundamental concern in the synthesis of array antenna patterns is to find an adequate excitation amplitude and phase to create the required radiation pattern. To handle the complex antenna pattern synthesis problem, many approaches, including traditional mathematical methodologies and optimization algorithms, have been developed [1][2][3][4]. One of the most important technical indications in antenna design synthesis is the sidelobe level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-Only Pattern Synthesis for Spaceborne Array Antenna Based on Improved Mayfly Optimization Algorithm

Liang

et al. 2023

Electronics

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A new optimization algorithm—Improved Mayfly Optimization Algorithm (IMOA)—is proposed in this paper to fulfill the low sidelobe level (SLL) design requirements of the spaceborne array antenna. MOA is a new heuristic algorithm inspired by the flying behavior and mating process of mayflies. It has a unique speed updating system with great convergence, strong stability, fast solution speed, and high precision. Based on the MOA, IMOA not only introduces the adaptive inertial weight factor to enhance the search ability, but also uses the Levy flight strategy and the golden sine operator to improve the disadvantage of easily falling into the local optimal solution. Firstly, according to the antenna pattern requirements of high gain and low sidelobe, an optimization problem model is carried out. Then, the IMOA is applied to solve the problem by only controlling the phase under a given secondary amplitude distribution. Simulation results show that IMOA has great advantages in the maximum sidelobe level (MSLL) suppression and convergence speed. Finally, the EM simulations are conducted on the 528-element planar array antenna. The maximum sidelobe level suppression performances in the test are very consistent with the theoretical simulation, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed IMOA.

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The Generalized Intersection Approach for Electromagnetic Array Antenna Beam-Shaping Synthesis: A Review

Cited by 7 publications

References 115 publications

Plane-Wave Generation through General Near-Field In-Band Reflectarray Direct Layout Optimization with Figure of Merit Constraints in mm-Wave Band

Plane-Wave Generation through General Near-Field In-Band Reflectarray Direct Layout Optimization with Figure of Merit Constraints in mm-Wave Band

Enhanced Precision in Beam Pattern Synthesis for Compact Transmitarray Antenna Design: Integrating Comprehensive Unit Cell and Measurement Environment Models

Phase-Only Pattern Synthesis for Spaceborne Array Antenna Based on Improved Mayfly Optimization Algorithm

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