The Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems: II. The Generalized Equivalent Mass (GEM) Concept

Michałowski, Tadeusz; Pietrzyk, Andrzej; Ponikvar‐Svet, Maja; Rymanowski, Maciej

doi:10.1080/10408340903001342

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Putting Φ instead of V on the abscissa provides a kind of normalization on the related plots obtained on the stage of graphical presentation of the results obtained from iterative calculations [6]. It should also be noted that Φ plays a key role in formulation of the Generalized Equivalence Mass (GEM) concept [24] [25]. High buffer capacity of the titrand, resulting from presence of H 2 SO 4 (C 01 ) in it, causes rather small growth in pH value of the system considered ( Figure 4); the pH changes result from acid-base properties of 4 …”

Section: Graphical Presentation Of the Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Titration Curves for Some Redox Systems

Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk¹,

Rymanowski²,

Asuero³

et al. 2014

AJAC

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Section: Graphical Presentation Of the Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulation of Titration Curves for Some Redox Systems

Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk¹,

Rymanowski²,

Asuero³

et al. 2014

AJAC

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“…Explicit formulation of functional relationships: Φ ¼ Φ(pH) and E ¼ E(Φ), is impossible in complex systems, where two or more different kinds (acid-base, redox, complexation, precipitation, liquid-liquid phase equilibria [44,45]) of chemical reactions occur sequentially or/and simultaneously [8]. The E values are referred to SHE scale.…”

Section: The E ¼ E(φ) And/or Ph ¼ Ph(φ) Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several methods of equivalence volume (V eq ) determination are also presented in terms of the generalized equivalence mass (GEM) [8] concept, suggested by Michałowski (1979), with an emphasis put on the Gran methods and their modifications. The GEM concept has no relevance to a chemical reaction notation.…”

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The detailed considerations in this chapter are based on principles of the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES), formulated by Michałowski [9] and presented recently in a series of papers, related to redox [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and nonredox systems [27][28][29][30][31][32] in aqueous and in mixed-solvent media [33][34][35][36][37]. The closed system separated from its environment by diathermal walls secure a heat exchange between the system and its environment, and realize dynamic processes in a quasistatic manner under isothermal conditions.…”

Section: Introductory Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Principles of Titrimetric Analyses According to Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems (GATES)

Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk¹,

Spórna‐Kucab²,

Michałowski³

2017

Advances in Titration Techniques

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The generalized equivalent mass (GEM) concept, based on firm algebraic foundations of the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES), is considered and put against the equivalent "weight" concept, based on a "fragile" stoichiometric reaction notation still advocated by IUPAC. The GEM is formulated a priori, with no relevance to a stoichiometry. GEM is formulated in a unified manner, and referred to systems of any degree of complexity with special emphasis put on redox systems, where generalized electron balance (GEB) is involved. GEM is formulated on the basis of all attainable (and preselected) physicochemical knowledge on the system in question, and resolved with use of iterative computer programs. It is possible to calculate coordinates of the end points taken from the vicinity of equivalence point. This way, one can choose (among others) a proper indicator and the most appropriate (from analytical viewpoint) color change of the indicator. Some interpolative and extrapolative methods of equivalence volume V eq determination are recalled and discussed. The GATES realized for GEM purposes provides the basis for optimization of analytical procedures a priori. The GATES procedure realized for GEM purposes enables to foresee and optimize new analytical methods, or modify, improve, and optimize old analytical methods.

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“…The advance of a titration B(C,V) ⇒ A(C0,V0), denoted for brevity as B ⇒ A is characterized by the fraction titrated [1][2][3][4] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%