The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl

Rd, Hodges; As, King; Dz, King; Ei, French

doi:10.1007/bf00209348

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Ultrastructural features of the avian carotid body are similar to those of mammalian species (Butler and Osborne, 1975;Hodges et al, 1975). The glomus cells are usually pear-shaped with long, cytoplasmic extensions.…”

Section: Electron Microscopic Studies Of Thementioning

confidence: 85%

Carotid body and glomus cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery in the bird

Kameda

2002

Microscopy Res & Technique

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In the bird the carotid body is located between the distal (nodose) ganglion of the vagus nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve at the beginning of the common carotid artery, that is, the organ is located at the cervicothoracic border. The chicken carotid body receives numerous branches from the vagus and the recurrent laryngeal nerves. In addition, dense networks of the peptidergic nerve fibers immunoreactive for substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are distributed in and around the carotid body parenchyma. The substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers are derived from both the superior and inferior ganglia of the vagus nerve. The VIP-, galanin-, and NPY-immunoreactive fibers originate from the 14th cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. The endocrine organs including the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, carotid body, and ultimobranchial gland are situated as a continuous series along the common carotid artery. The organs are supplied with arteries arising as one trunk from the common carotid artery. Glomus cells are widely distributed not only in the carotid body but also in the wall of the common carotid artery and around the common trunk and its branches. The glomus cells of the chicken carotid body exhibit intense immunoreactivity for serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and chromogranin A. The cells located in the wall of the common carotid artery further express NPY mRNA and peptide. In the chickens exposed to isocapnic hypoxia for 35 days, 3-4-fold increase of the carotid body volume is induced and the carotid body glomus cells show enhanced synthetic and secretory activities. On the other hand, the cells in the wall of the common carotid artery display little changes after the long-term hypoxia, having different functions from the carotid body. The carotid body rudiment is formed in the lateral wall of the third branchial artery. The neural cells immunoreactive for TuJ1, PGP 9.5, and HNK-1, which are continuous with the inferior vagal (nodose) ganglion, first surround and then invade both the carotid body rudiment and the other portions of the third branchial artery, becoming glomus cells.

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Section: Electron Microscopic Studies Of Thementioning

confidence: 85%

Carotid body and glomus cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery in the bird

Kameda

2002

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…Taken together with the ultrastructural and electrophysiological evidence, it is not surprising that the type II cell has most often been ascribed a relatively undefined, supportive, glial-like role in the carotid body where it has been assumed to be a modified Schwann cell (380). However, although the proportion of type II to type I cells in the carotid body is relatively low, this proportion is significantly greater than the proportion of glial/Schwann cells to chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, which might support the notion of a particular function for type II cells, either in the transduction process or in the provision of some other service not required, at least to the same extent, in the adrenal medulla.…”

Section: Cell Types Of the Carotid Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body

Kumar

Prabhakar

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

460

572

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The discovery of the sensory nature of the carotid body dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. Following these seminal discoveries, research into carotid body mechanisms moved forward progressively through the 20th century, with many descriptions of the ultrastructure of the organ and stimulus-response measurements at the level of the whole organ. The later part of 20th century witnessed the first descriptions of the cellular responses and electrophysiology of isolated and cultured type I and type II cells, and there now exist a number of testable hypotheses of chemotransduction. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of current concepts on sensory transduction and transmission of the hypoxic stimulus at the carotid body with an emphasis on integrating cellular mechanisms with the whole organ responses and highlighting the gaps or discrepancies in our knowledge. It is increasingly evident that in addition to hypoxia, the carotid body responds to a wide variety of blood-borne stimuli, including reduced glucose and immune-related cytokines and we therefore also consider the evidence for a polymodal function of the carotid body and its implications. It is clear that the sensory function of the carotid body exhibits considerable plasticity in response to the chronic perturbations in environmental O2 that is associated with many physiological and pathological conditions. The mechanisms and consequences of carotid body plasticity in health and disease are discussed in the final sections of this article.

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“…The carotid body is primarily composed of two cell types: 1) glomus cells or type I cells, which are of a neuronal phenotype; and 2) sustentacular or type II cells, which resemble glial cells of the nervous system (9,10,12,19). Type I cells express a variety of neurotransmitters and are in synaptic contact with the afferent nerve endings of the sinus nerve (6,14,16,18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous H₂S is required for hypoxic sensing by carotid body glomus cells

Makarenko

Nanduri

Raghuraman

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

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H(2)S generated by the enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) has been implicated in O(2) sensing by the carotid body. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether glomus cells, the primary site of hypoxic sensing in the carotid body, generate H(2)S in an O(2)-sensitive manner and whether endogenous H(2)S is required for O(2) sensing by glomus cells. Experiments were performed on glomus cells harvested from anesthetized adult rats as well as age and sex-matched CSE(+/+) and CSE(-/-) mice. Physiological levels of hypoxia (Po(2) ∼30 mmHg) increased H(2)S levels in glomus cells, and dl-propargylglycine (PAG), a CSE inhibitor, prevented this response in a dose-dependent manner. Catecholamine (CA) secretion from glomus cells was monitored by carbon-fiber amperometry. Hypoxia increased CA secretion from rat and mouse glomus cells, and this response was markedly attenuated by PAG and in cells from CSE(-/-) mice. CA secretion evoked by 40 mM KCl, however, was unaffected by PAG or CSE deletion. Exogenous application of a H(2)S donor (50 μM NaHS) increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in glomus cells, with a time course and magnitude that are similar to that produced by hypoxia. [Ca(2+)](i) responses to NaHS and hypoxia were markedly attenuated in the presence of Ca(2+)-free medium or cadmium chloride, a pan voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blocker, or nifedipine, an L-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, suggesting that both hypoxia and H(2)S share common Ca(2+)-activating mechanisms. These results demonstrate that H(2)S generated by CSE is a physiologic mediator of the glomus cell's response to hypoxia.

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The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Carotid body and glomus cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery in the bird

Carotid body and glomus cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery in the bird

Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body

Endogenous H₂S is required for hypoxic sensing by carotid body glomus cells

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The general ultrastructure of the carotid body of the domestic fowl

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Carotid body and glomus cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery in the bird

Carotid body and glomus cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery in the bird

Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body

Endogenous H2S is required for hypoxic sensing by carotid body glomus cells

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Endogenous H₂S is required for hypoxic sensing by carotid body glomus cells