The General Model of Golden Horde Architectural Decor

Abstract

The constant processes of interaction between cultures of different countries and religions that took place in it contributed to the prosperity of trade, science, and art. In addition, handicraft production was highly developed in Uchi Jochi. Urban craft included jewelry, pottery, construction, weaving, carving on various materials, various types of metalworking, etc. This diversity was due to the constant need for supply of many Golden Horde cities. The article provides an overview of the main types of the Golden Horde architectural decor. The study used generalized data from archaeological studies of the cities of the Golden Horde.

Apperception of Sufism: sociocultural background (evidence from the Crimean ulus of the golden horde)

“…Therewith, the author said: "His (Berke's) teaching of the Koran took place in Khojand, with one of the pious scholars from this city" (Grinberg, 2018). The sources confirm Sufi sheikh's Seif-ad-Din Boharzi impact on the khan's worldview during the military campaign of Berke in Balkh and Bukhara (Al Omari et al, 2020). The Egyptian scholar Badr ad-Din Al-Ain said that having embarked on the path of spiritual journey, Khan Berke was sincerely committed to the Sufi teachings of Kubrawiya (Balivet & Pezechki, 2018).…”

“…The Egyptian scholar Badr-ad-din Al-Aini reported that "Having reigned in this state, he (Berke) became a Muslim, and his Islam was sincere. He established a beacon of faith and instituted Muslim rituals, honored jurists and scholars, made friends with them, set up mosques and schools within the state" (Al Omari et al, 2020). At the same time, in 1261 the ruler Berke gave permission to establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the capital of the Golden Horde.…”

“…He was very kind, treated the Sultan with pride but was humble with ordinary people. The Sultan visited him every Friday, sat down in front of him ... but the imam never changed his harsh treatment" (Al Omari et al, 2020). Thus, it is known that Khan Uzbek had several sheikhs at the court.…”