The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

Lindsay, Jodi A.; Ruzin, Alexey; Ross, Hope F.; Kurepina, Natasha; Novick, Richard P.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00947.x

Cited by 398 publications

(373 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Several pathogenicity islands have been reported in S. aureus, including one encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst) and sand sel-like proteins (13) and another encoding SE serotypes B, K, and Q (41). Others have reported pathogenicity islands containing the tst gene and an open reading frame with sequence similarity to those encoding SEs (25) and a region contains enterotoxins D and J (42). In addition, as noted above, a group of five toxin genes (seg, sei, sen, seo, and sem) is encoded by the enterotoxin gene cluster, egc (20).…”

Section: Vol 42 2004 Simultaneous Analysis Of Multiple Se Genes 2141mentioning

confidence: 80%

Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes by an Oligonucleotide Microarray Assay

et al. 2004

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a family of 17 major serological types of heat-stable enterotoxins that are one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis resulting from consumption of contaminated food. SEs are considered potential bioweapons. Many Staphylococcus aureus isolates contain multiple SEs. Because of the large number of SEs, serological typing and PCR typing are laborious and time-consuming. Furthermore, serological typing may not always be practical because of antigenic similarities among enterotoxins. We report on a microarray-based one-tube assay for the simultaneous detection and identification (genetic typing) of multiple enterotoxin (ent) genes. The proposed typing method is based on PCR amplification of the target region of the ent genes with degenerate primers, followed by characterization of the PCR products by microchip hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific for each ent gene. We verified the performance of this method by using several other techniques, including PCR amplification with gene-specific primers, followed by gel electrophoresis or microarray hybridization, and sequencing of the enterotoxin genes. The assay was evaluated by analysis of previously characterized staphylococcal isolates containing 16 ent genes. The microarray assay revealed that some of these isolates contained additional previously undetected ent genes. The use of degenerate primers allows the simultaneous amplification and identification of as many as nine different ent genes in one S. aureus strain. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of the oligonucleotide microarray assay for the analysis of multitoxigenic strains, which are common among S. aureus strains, and for the analysis of microbial pathogens in general.

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Section: Vol 42 2004 Simultaneous Analysis Of Multiple Se Genes 2141mentioning

confidence: 80%

Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes by an Oligonucleotide Microarray Assay

et al. 2004

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“…DNA was extracted using genomic-tip 100/G columns (Qiagen) or Bacterial Genomic Prep (EdgeBiosystems), and concentration was measured as A 260 using the Nanodrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies). Bulk reference DNA was prepared from MRSA252 using either the caesium chloride method (Lindsay et al, 1998) or with Bacterial Genomic Prep. Four micrograms of test DNA was labelled using Cy3 dye and DNA polymerase I large fragment (Klenow; Invitrogen), and 4 mg of reference DNA was labelled using Cy5 dye.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureus host specificity: comparative genomics of human versus animal isolates by multi-strain microarray

2008

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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogen of several mammalian species, particularly humans and cattle. We aimed to (i) identify S. aureus genes associated with host specificity, (ii) determine the relatedness of human and animal isolates, and (iii) identify whether human and animal isolates typically exchanged mobile genetic elements encoding virulence and resistance genes. Using a well-validated seven-strain S. aureus microarray, we compared 56 UK S. aureus isolates that caused infection in cows, horses, goats, sheep and a camel with 161 human S. aureus isolates from healthy carriers and community acquired infections in the UK. We had previously shown that human isolates are clustered into ten dominant and a few minor lineages, each with unique combinations of surface proteins predicted to bind to human proteins. We found that the animal-associated S. aureus clustered into ten lineages, with 61 % assigned to four lineages, ST151, ST771, ST130 and ST873, that were unique to animals. The majority of bovine mastitis was caused by isolates of lineage ST151, ST771 and ST97, but a few human lineages also caused mastitis. S. aureus isolated from horses were more likely to cluster into humanassociated lineages, with 54 % of horse-associated S. aureus assigned to the human clusters CC1, CC8 and CC22; along with the presence of some multi-drug resistant strains, this suggests a human origin. This is the most comprehensive genetic comparison of human versus animal S. aureus isolates conducted, and because we used a whole-genome approach we could estimate the key genes with the greatest variability that are associated with host specificity. Several genes conserved in all human isolates were variable or missing in one or more animal lineages, including the well-characterized lineage specific genes fnbA, fnbB and coa. Interestingly, genes carried on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as chp, scn and sak were less common in animal S. aureus isolates, and bap was not found. There was a lot of MGE variation within lineages, and some evidence that exchange of MGEs such as bacteriophage and pathogenicity islands between animal and human lineages is feasible, but there was less evidence of antibiotic resistance gene transfer on the staphylococcal cassette chromosomes (SCC) or plasmids. Surprisingly, animal lineages are closely related to human lineages and only a handful of genes or gene combinations may be responsible for host specificity.

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“…Another possible explanation for the discrepancies in prophage induction in different strain backgrounds may be the presence of additional phages in the host that complement vital phage functions. Helper phages were shown to be important for the mobilization of staphylococcal pathogenicity islands (Lindsay et al, 1998) and for the E. coli phage P4, which requires a P2 helper phage for its assembly, packaging and lysis of the host cell (Christie & Calendar, 1990). In our case strain MW2 also carries phage wSa3mw, whereas strain 8325-4wSa2mw is a single lysogen.…”

Section: Influence Of the Host Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcription of the phage-encoded Panton–Valentine leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on the phage life-cycle and on the host background

et al. 2009

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Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming, bi-component toxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus strains epidemiologically associated with diseases such as necrotizing pneumonia and skin and soft-tissue infections. Here we demonstrate that transcription of the phage-encoded PVL (encoded in the luk-PV operon) is dependent on two major determinants: the phage life-cycle and the host chromosomal background. Mitomycin C induction of PVLencoding prophages from different community-acquired MRSA strains led to an increase in the amount of luk-PV mRNA as a result of read-through transcription from latent phage promoters and an increase in phage copy numbers. Failing prophage excision was reflected in a constant expression of luk-PV as in the case of strain USA300, suggesting that wSa2USA300 is a replication-defective prophage. Additionally, we could show that luk-PV transcription is influenced by the S. aureus global virulence regulators agr and sae. We found a strong impact of the host background on prophage induction and replication when analysing PVL phages in different S. aureus strains. For example phage wSa2mw was greatly induced by mitomycin C in its native host MW2 and in strain Newman but to a considerably lesser extent in strains 8325-4, RN6390 and ISP479c. This discrepancy was not linked to the SOS response of the bacteria since recA transcription did not vary between the strains. These results suggest a fine tuning between certain phages and their host, with major impact on the expression of phage-encoded virulence genes. INTRODUCTIONStaphylococcus aureus causes a variety of local and systemic infections in humans and is one of the most important community-acquired and nosocomial pathogens. The versatility of this bacterium is due to its ability to produce a wide range of surface-exposed molecules which mediate interaction with the host cell, as well as several secreted virulence factors. S. aureus necrotizing pneumonia and skin and soft-tissue infections, which can also affect young, immunocompetent persons, is described as a threat associated with community-acquired (ca)MRSA and MSSA strains bearing the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes (Diederen & Kluytmans, 2006;Gillet et al., 2002;Vandenesch et al., 2003). The possible contribution of PVL to the virulence of S. aureus has been argued in studies using a variety of different animal models (Bubeck Wardenburg et al., 2008;Diep & Otto, 2008; LabandeiraRey et al., 2007;Montgomery et al., 2008;Voyich et al., 2006;Wang et al., 2007). PVL is a bi-component, poreforming cytotoxin that targets host defence cells such as human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages (Genestier et al., 2005;Kaneko & Kamio, 2004;Prevost et al., 1995). The active form of PVL requires the assembly of two polypeptides, LukS-PV and LukF-PV, for which the corresponding genes (lukS-PV, lukF-PV) are carried by a prophage.Although tightly linked to the phage genome and dependent on it for horizontal transfer, most of the phage-encoded virulence factors are i...

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The gene for toxic shock toxin is carried by a family of mobile pathogenicity islands in Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 398 publications

References 40 publications

Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes by an Oligonucleotide Microarray Assay

Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Genes by an Oligonucleotide Microarray Assay

Staphylococcus aureus host specificity: comparative genomics of human versus animal isolates by multi-strain microarray

Transcription of the phage-encoded Panton–Valentine leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on the phage life-cycle and on the host background

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