The Gender Stereotyping of Emotions

Plant, E. Ashby; Hyde, Janet Shibley; Keltner, Dacher; Devine, Patricia G.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x

Cited by 439 publications

(373 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This was unexpected as women are stereotyped as more emotional than men (Fabes and Martin (1991);Plant, Hyde, Keltner, and Devine (2000); Timmers, Fischer, and Manstead (2003)). Research appears to bear this out with females exceeding males in reported emotionality and emotion expressivity (Allen and Haccoun (1976); Gross and John (1995)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Developing a reduced consumer-led lexicon to measure emotional response to beer

Chaya

Eaton

Hewson

et al. 2015

Food Quality and Preference

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Developing a reduced consumer-led lexicon to measure emotional response to beer

Chaya

Eaton

Hewson

et al. 2015

Food Quality and Preference

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“…They perceive women to be warm and emotionally expressive. Plant, et al, (2000) found that awe, disgust, distress, embarrassment, fear, guilt, happiness, love, sadness, shame, shyness, surprise, and sympathy were considered to be -feminine emotions.‖ Only anger, contempt and pride were thought to be -masculine emotions.‖ A number of researchers, using self-report measures, have found gender differences in the intensity of emotional experience (Brody & Hall, 2000;Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1991;Fujita, Diener, & Sandvik, 1991. ) When we examine the scientific evidence, however, it appears that many assumed gender differences exist more in fantasy than in fact (Unger & Siiter, 1974;Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974;Hyde, 2007.…”

Section: Perhaps Men Are Simply Generally Less Emotional Than Are Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) Women are stereotyped as the emotional sex (Brody & Hall, 2000;Broverman, et al, 1972;Plant, Hyde, Keltner, & Devine, 2000). This stereotype appears to exist in most cultures (Fischer & Manstead, 2000).…”

Section: Perhaps Men Are Simply Generally Less Emotional Than Are Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethnic and Gender Differences in Emotional Ideology, Experience, and Expression

Hatfield

Rapson

2009

IJPR

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How universal are men and women's attitudes toward the expression of emotion? How similar are the emotions that men and women from various ethnic groups experience and express in their close love relationships? In this study, 144 men and 307 women of European, Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, and Japanese ancestry were asked about their ideologies as to how people ought to deal with strong emotions in close relationships, how often they themselves felt a variety of emotions, and how they dealt with such feelings in close relationships. Finally, they were asked how satisfied they were with their close relationships. Men and women appeared to possess different emotional ideologies. Women tended to favor direct expression of emotion; men to favor emotional management. People of Chinese, European, Filipino, Hawaiian, and Japanese ancestry also possessed different ideologies as to how people ought to deal with strong emotions in intimate relationships.Keywords: emotion; ethnic differences; gender differences; love Do men and women possess different philosophies as to how people ought to deal with positive and negative emotions in close relationships? Are there crucial differences in the way people from a variety of ethnic groups feel and in their willingness to express their emotions? Does the way people deal with their emotions affect their satisfaction with their close relationships? This study was designed to find out.The first step was to compile a list of representative emotions. A Taxonomy of EmotionsMany psychologists have attempted to provide a taxonomy of the -basic emotions.‖ Researchers generally have little trouble classifying emotions as positive versus negative in feeling tone (See Carlson & Hatfield, 1992;Fischer, Shaver, & Carnochan, 1990;Frijda, 1986; Plutchik & Kellerman, 1983;or Zajonc, 1980.) Descartes, 1967, andSpinoza, 1963; continuing through Darwin, 1872;on to Fischer, Shaver, & Carnochan, 1990.) In fact, some theorists (such as Averill, 1982, andKemper, 1978) argue that emotions are -social constructions.‖ Thus, there could be an indeterminate number of emotions. In designing this research, we finally settled on a taxonomy proposed by Sprecher (1985), who compiled a list of 15 -folk‖ emotions that have been found to be important to a variety of ethnic groups in love relationships-the domain of this paper. These were:Positive Emotions: joy, love, and sexual excitement.Negative Emotions: anger, anxiety, depression, fear, frustration, grief, guilt/shame, hate, hurt, jealousy, loneliness, and resentment.How might one expect men and women from various ethnic groups to differ in their philosophies? How often do men and women from various ethnic groups experience and express such common emotions in their close relationships? A. Ethnic Group DifferencesSince William James inaugurated the first psychology laboratory at Harvard, social scientists have attempted to formulate universal laws of social cognition, emotion, and behavior. Cultural critics point out, however, that until very recently, ...

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“…Although Elsa's struggles as an outsider make her appealing, her inability to control her emotions (especially fear and anger) reflects the risks of mixing power with female volatility. This flaw conforms to stereotypes of women as temperamental (Feder 2014;Plant et al 2000;Schneider and Bos 2014) and even brings to mind the rage of Stephen King's Carrie who is set off by overpowering surges of emotion (Foundas 2013), characteristics incompatible with ruling. While Elsa struggles with her cryokinetic competence, Anna must learn how to navigate relationships with men, and which men she can trust.…”

Section: Postfeminist Struggles With Power and Romancementioning

confidence: 99%

Frozen in Time: How Disney Gender-Stereotypes Its Most Powerful Princess

Streiff

Dundes

2017

Social Sciences

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Disney's animated feature Frozen (2013) received acclaim for presenting a powerful heroine, Elsa, who is independent of men. Elsa's avoidance of male suitors, however, could be a result of her protective father's admonition not to "let them in" in order for her to be a "good girl." In addition, Elsa's power threatens emasculation of any potential suitor suggesting that power and romance are mutually exclusive. While some might consider a princess's focus on power to be refreshing, it is significant that the audience does not see a woman attaining a balance between exercising authority and a relationship. Instead, power is a substitute for romance. Furthermore, despite Elsa's seemingly triumphant liberation celebrated in Let It Go, selfless love rather than independence is the key to others' approval of her as queen. Regardless of the need for novel female characters, Elsa is just a variation on the archetypal power-hungry female villain whose lust for power replaces lust for any person, and who threatens the patriarchal status quo. The only twist is that she finds redemption through gender-stereotypical compassion.

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The Gender Stereotyping of Emotions

Cited by 439 publications

References 37 publications

Developing a reduced consumer-led lexicon to measure emotional response to beer

Developing a reduced consumer-led lexicon to measure emotional response to beer

Ethnic and Gender Differences in Emotional Ideology, Experience, and Expression

Frozen in Time: How Disney Gender-Stereotypes Its Most Powerful Princess

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