The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: Not just a Matter of Personality

Caliendo, Marco; Fossen, Frank M.; Kritikos, Alexander S.; Wetter, Miriam

doi:10.1093/cesifo/ifu023

Cited by 80 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Given the significantly lower propensity of females to be self-employed, the increased female participation in the labor market results in a negative effect on the level of self-employment (minus 16 percent) (see Caliendo et al 2014b, for a more detailed analysis). The declining share of people with vocational training also contributes negatively to the level of self-employment (minus 13.4 percent).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Did Self-Employment Increase so Strongly in Germany?

Fritsch¹,

Kritikos

Sorgner³

2015

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. This version: January 2015 Terms of use: Documents in AbstractGermany experienced a unique rise in the level of self-employment in the first two decades following unification. Applying the non-linear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, we find that the main factors driving these changes in the overall level of self-employment are demographic developments, the shift towards service sector employment, and a larger share of population holding a tertiary degree. While these factors explain most of the development in self-employment with employees and the overall level of self-employment in West Germany, their explanatory power is much lower for the stronger increase of solo self-employment and of self-employment in former socialist East Germany. Keywords:Self-employment, non-linear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique, entrepreneurship, Germany JEL classification: L26, D221 We are indebted to Adam Lederer, Simon Parker, Alexander Schiersch, and Michael Wyrwich for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. We are also grateful to the Research Data Centre of the Regional Statistical Office of Berlin and of Thuringia in Erfurt for on-site data access and for their support and cooperation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Did Self-Employment Increase so Strongly in Germany?

Fritsch¹,

Kritikos

Sorgner³

2015

SSRN Journal

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“…Studies that have considered the role of gender in entrepreneurship (e.g., Van Der Zwan et al 2011;Caliendo et al 2015;Stefani and Vacca 2015) also show that lower levels of female education are a crucial factor in explaining the gender differences in entrepreneurial activity. However, Fig.…”

Section: Human Capital Gender and Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity: a cross-national perspective

Dilli

Westerhuis

2018

Small Bus Econ

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Previous studies offer evidence that human capital obtained through education is a crucial explanation for cross-national differences in entrepreneurial activity. Recently, scholar attention has focused on the importance of education in subjects such as science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) for the promotion of entrepreneurial activity. To our knowledge, empirical evidence for this link is scarce, despite the emphasis made in the literature and by policy makers on the choice of study at the tertiary level. Given that differences in STEM education are particularly large between men and women, we utilize data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor for 19 European countries and the USA. We study the role of these differences in STEM education at the national level for three stages of the entrepreneurial process: entrepreneurial awareness, the choice of sector for entrepreneurial activity, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations. We also test whether the effects of gender differences in education is moderated by the nature of the institutional environment in which entrepreneurs operate. Our findings show that individual-level explanations including education account for the gender differences during all three stages of early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Moreover, countries with greater gender equality in science education are characterized by higher entrepreneurial activity in knowledge-intensive sectors and high-growth aspirations. Thus, next to individual-level education, closing the gender gap in science at the national level can benefit a country as a whole by stimulating innovative entrepreneurial activity.

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“…Second, females have a lower probability of becoming entrepreneurs than males, which may be explained by genderspecific role models, a difference in the willingness to take risks (Caliendo et al, 2014b), and the willingness to turn entrepreneurial intention into implementation (Haus et al, 2013). Third, the family surrounding influences transitions into entrepreneurship: Having self-employed parents significantly increase the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur, perhaps because they are role models for occupational choices or because the children inherited the 'right skills and abilities' for entrepreneurial activities.…”

Section: Concepts and Definitions: Who Are Entrepreneurs And What Do mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

Kritikos¹

2015

International Encyclopedia of the Social &Amp; Behavioral Sciences

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The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: Not just a Matter of Personality

Cited by 80 publications

References 53 publications

Why Did Self-Employment Increase so Strongly in Germany?

Why Did Self-Employment Increase so Strongly in Germany?

How institutions and gender differences in education shape entrepreneurial activity: a cross-national perspective

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

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