The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe

Hammer, Bernhard; Spitzer, Sonja; Vargha, Lili; Istenič, Tanja

doi:10.1016/j.jeoa.2019.100234

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Mothers provide the bulk of daily care for children, and despite evolving norms increasing caregiving for many fathers, gender gaps in parent–child relationships and time spent with children persist (Jaramillo-Sierra et al 2016; Negraia, Augustine, and Prickett 2018). Fathers generally contribute more financially to the household than mothers, who typically contribute greater unpaid household labor (Hammer et al 2020). Consequently, paternal loss often predicts changes in household socioeconomic status (Jacobs and Bovasso 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Death and Mid-adulthood Depressive Symptoms: The Importance of Life Course Stage and Parent’s Gender

2021

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Traditional theories of grief suggest that individuals experience short-term increases in depressive symptoms following the death of a parent. However, growing evidence indicates that effects of parental bereavement may persist. Situating the short- and long-term effects of parental death within the life course perspective, we assess the combined influence of time since loss and life course stage at bereavement on mental health for maternal and paternal death. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 11,877) to examine biological parental death from childhood to mid-adulthood, we find that those who experience recent maternal or paternal death have heightened depressive symptoms. Furthermore, those who experience maternal death in childhood or paternal death in young adulthood exhibit long-term consequences for mental health. Our findings underscore the theoretical importance of early life course stages and parent’s gender when determining whether depressive symptoms persist following parental bereavement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental Death and Mid-adulthood Depressive Symptoms: The Importance of Life Course Stage and Parent’s Gender

2021

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“…With higher employment and higher wages, men contribute more to public funds (current public transfers/outflows) and finance a higher share of children's consumption than women. In most countries, per capita annual public old-age benefits are significantly lower for women, while total pension transfers are higher due to their longer life expectancy (Hammer et al, 2020). However, despite the greater contribution of men to the formation of pension funds, the possibilities of using them (receiving an old-age pension) are much lower due to fewer years lived on pension because of a shorter life expectancy.…”

Section: Theoretical Framework Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Profile of Income and Consumption: Evidence From the National Transfer Accounts of Moldova

Gagauz¹,

Prohnitchi²

2022

Economy and Sociology

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The use of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology has opened up the possibility of examining gender differences in income and consumption throughout the life cycle. This article presents the results of the study of the gender profile of income and consumption based on the NTA of Moldova for 2019. Moldova is characterized by a low level of employment of the population, low incomes and a high involvement of the population in international labor migration. Women's labor incomes are lower than men's throughout the life cycle, and the life cycle surplus is entirely formed by men, who are net donors to cover the life cycle deficit of other age groups during the working period. More than two-thirds of the economic life cycle deficit is held by women, and the gender gap in economic dependence was 22.7% - an additional share of the total labor income needed to finance women's economic dependence compared to the total labor income needed to finance men's economic dependence. Differences in the age profile of working income are due to the fact that women enter the labor market a little later than men, due to much higher enrollment rates in higher education institutions, as well as due to low participation in the labor market during the period associated with the birth and upbringing of children. The economic dependence of women is a reflection of the “gender contract” characteristic of Moldova, according to which a man and a woman participate in the labor market, but the woman still has most of the household chores.” It can be assumed that the problem of underestimation of income by the population in the household survey could cause an underestimation of the age profile of labor income, which, in turn, influenced the estimation of the size of the economic life cycle deficit.

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“…Our paper complements recent NTA work that considers other dimensions besides age as important determinants of individual behaviour over the life cycle, such as gender (e.g. Hammer et al. , 2020), immigration status (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education as a partial remedy for the economic pressure of population ageing

Kelin

Istenič

Sambt

2022

IJM

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PurposePopulation ageing will bring economic challenges in the future. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether increased educational level could mitigate the consequences of population ageing on economic sustainability, measured as the gap between labour income and consumption.Design/methodology/approachUsing the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology, the authors decompose labour income and consumption by age and educational level (low, medium and high) and compare obtained age profiles with those calculated conventionally. In addition, using the population projections by age and educational level, the authors project both profiles to 2060 for selected EU countries and assess future economic sustainability.FindingsThe results show that the highly educated have a significantly higher surplus for a longer period then those with lower and medium education. Therefore, the improved educational level of individuals will have a substantially positive impact on labour income in the future—on average by about 32% by 2060 for all EU countries included. However, as the better educated also consume more, higher production does not fully translate into improved economic sustainability, but the resulting net effect is still positive at about 19%.Originality/valueThe authors present for the first time an NTA by education for 15 EU countries and show the importance of including education in the analysis of the economic life cycle. The authors also show that increased educational level will mitigate the consequences of population ageing on economic sustainability in the future.

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The gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in Europe

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

Parental Death and Mid-adulthood Depressive Symptoms: The Importance of Life Course Stage and Parent’s Gender

Parental Death and Mid-adulthood Depressive Symptoms: The Importance of Life Course Stage and Parent’s Gender

Gender Profile of Income and Consumption: Evidence From the National Transfer Accounts of Moldova

Education as a partial remedy for the economic pressure of population ageing

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