The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

Koyasu, Hikari; Kikusui, Takefumi; Takagi, Saho; Nagasawa, Miho

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613512

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Despite their primary niche as pest control (unlike a solely cooperative partner in dogs and ferrets), cats are excellent candidates for research about visual behavior and even perform similarly to dogs on some tasks. Research has concluded that cats, like dogs (Koyasu et al, 2020; Turner, 2017), generally track human attention (Ito et al, 2016) and follow pointing gestures (Miklósi et al, 2005). In regard to visual communication, cats gaze follow (Pongrácz et al, 2019) and shift their gaze when a human looks at them (Koyasu & Nagasawa, 2019).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).

Bogese,

Johnston,

Byosiere

2024

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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Within human-animal dyadic interactions, dog-human gaze has been identified as the crux of several important visual behaviors, such as looking back, gaze-following, and participation in an oxytocin feedback loop. It has been posited that this gaze behavior may have been motivated and sustained by cooperative relationships between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans (e.g., hunting, service roles), however, to investigate why gaze evolved, a comparison to a domesticated species that lacks a protracted history of cooperative companionship is needed: the domestic cat (Felis catus). In this study, we compare the gaze duration to owners of cats and dogs in a community science setting. We replicated previous gaze studies with dogs, wolves (Nagasawa et al., 2015), and dingoes (Johnston et al., 2017), requesting owners to sit with their pets for 5 min and interact as they normally would. Cats and dogs gazed at their owners for similar durations, but durations of petting and physical contact were significantly lower with cats. Gaze correlated significantly with vocalizations in dogs; however, no other correlations were significant. Dogs gazed less in our community science setting than dogs tested previously in-lab (Nagasawa et al., 2015). Ultimately, cats resemble dogs in their general gaze patterns, but not in most interactions with their owner. Future research should aim to include feral cats or wild cat species to shed light on gaze behavior development in the genus, while more community science work can identify the behaviors that shift for dogs between familiar and unfamiliar environments.

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).

Bogese,

Johnston,

Byosiere

2024

Journal of Comparative Psychology

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“…Dogs in particular have characteristics uniquely suited to fostering social behaviors, as they possess underlying social competence in certain domains, such as gaze communication (Koyasu et al, 2020), visual perspective taking (Kaminski et al, 2009), responsiveness to pointing gestures (Soproni et al, 2002), and the ability to distinguish between intentional and unintentional human actions (Schünemann et al, 2021). Dogs have also been shown to engage in behaviors which appear to mimic empathic concern (Custance & Mayer, 2012)—and regardless of the underlying processes—the behaviors could help encourage emotional closeness between an adolescent and their dog.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Companion animals and profiles of peer social behavior in adolescence

Halbreich

Callina

King

et al. 2023

Journal of Adolescence

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Introduction Relationships with companion animals have been associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and lower levels of socioemotional difficulties for children and adolescents. Companion animals may be supportive of developing prosocial behavior in youth through practice with positive social interactions and the development of empathy and reciprocity skills. The goal of this study was to use a person‐centered approach to investigate if living with a pet (including pet species) is associated with profiles of adolescent peer social behaviors (i.e., prosocial, aggressive), and size of their peer network. Methods This study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®, a large, nationally representative data set of American adolescents. Results In a cross‐sectional sample of 5218 adolescents, we found that youth clustered into four different distinct profiles of peer social behavior. Female youth living with dogs were less likely to be in the High Aggression profile as compared to youth without pets or youth with other types of pets. However, having a pet was not associated with whether youth were in the profiles characterized by prosocial behaviors or size of peer network. Conclusions Overall, future research should explore how gender intersects with companion animal interactions—both in terms of frequency of interactions as well as relationship quality/emotional attachment—as well as examine these relationships over time to assess causality.

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“…We humans can recognize the attentional state of others based on the direction of their gaze, head, body, pointing, and other actions and utilize this social information in various ways (Moore & Dunham, 1995;Stephenson et al, 2021). Comparative studies on understanding of the other's attentional state have also been conducted in nonhuman primates (Emery et al, 1997;Johnson & Karin-D'Aarcy, 2006;Okamoto et al, 2002Okamoto et al, , 2004Hare et al, 1998;Tomasello, 2022;Tomasello & Call,1997; and other nonhuman animals such as dogs, cats, dolphins, and so on (Koyasu et al, 2020;Pack & Herman, 2006;Siposova & Carpenter, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention to inattention: Effect of the other's attentional state on visual search performance in chimpanzees

Tomonaga¹,

Imura²

2023

Preprint

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In the present study, we examined the effects of the other's triadic attention to objects on visual search performances in chimpanzees. We found the search-asymmetry-like effect of the other's attentional state; the chimpanzees searched a target object not attended by the other individual more efficiently than that attended (Experiment 1). Additional experiments explored the possibility that the other individual "holding an object but not looking at it" led to expectancy violation (Experiment 2) or the role of nonsocial cues such as the proximity relation between the head and the object (Experiment 3). Still, these accounts alone did not explain this effect. It was also shown that the other's attentional state affected the chimpanzees' performances more readily as the interference effect than the facilitation effect (Experiment 4). Furthermore, the same effect was observed in the visual search for the gaze (head direction) of others (Experiment 5). We obtained the same results using photographs of chimpanzees (Experiment 6). Contrary to the chimpanzees, humans detected the object to which attention was directed more efficiently than vice versa (Experiment 7). The present results may reflect species differences between chimpanzees and humans in processing triadic social attention.

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The Gaze Communications Between Dogs/Cats and Humans: Recent Research Review and Future Directions

Cited by 26 publications

References 56 publications

Gaze in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).

Gaze in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).

Companion animals and profiles of peer social behavior in adolescence

Attention to inattention: Effect of the other's attentional state on visual search performance in chimpanzees

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