Dedicated to Alain Connes with admiration, affection, and much appreciation Contents 1. Introduction 2. Curvature in noncommutative geometry 2.1. A brief history of curvature 2.2. Laplace type operators and Gilkey's theorem 2.3. Noncommutative Chern-Weil theory 2.4. From spectral geometry to spectral triples 3. Pseudodifferential calculus and heat expansion 3.1. Classical pseudodifferential calculus 3.2. Small-time heat kernel expansion 3.3. Pseudodifferential calculus and heat kernel expansion for noncommutative tori 4. Gauss-Bonnet theorem and curvature for noncommutative 2-tori 4.1. Scalar curvature and Gauss-Bonnet theorem for T 2 θ 4.2. The Laplacian on (1, 0)-forms on T 2θ with curved metric 5. Noncommutative residues for noncommutative tori and curvature of noncommutative 4-tori 5.1. Noncommutative residues 5.2. Scalar curvature of the noncommutative 4-torus 6.The Riemann curvature tensor and the term a 4 for noncommutative tori 6.1. Functional relations 6.2. A partial differential system associated with the functional relations 6.3. Action of cyclic groups in the differential system, invariant expressions and simple flow of the system 6.4. Gradient calculations leading to functional relations 6.5. The term a 4 for non-conformally flat metrics on noncommutative four tori 7. Twisted spectral triples and Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for ergodic C * -dynamical systems 7.1. Twisted spectral triples 7.2. Conformal perturbation of a spectral triple 7.3. Conformal perturbation of the flat metric on T 2 θ 7.4. Conformally twisted spectral triples for C * -dynamical systems 7.5. The Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem for C * -dynamical systems