The Gargle Effect

Sanders, Matthew A.; Shirk, Steve D.; Burgin, Chris J.; Martin, Leonard L.

doi:10.1177/0956797612450034

Cited by 83 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Since that time, some researchers of mental fatigue concluded that the pursuit of the energy depletion model of fatigue was a distraction, choosing instead to focus on motivation and energy allocation (e.g., Bartley & Chute, 1947; Hockey, 2011; Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989). Several facts are not consistent with or accommodated by the SM or the glucose depletion hypothesis: How possible substrates actually act in the body; physiological changes in the entire organism, not just the bloodstream or the brain; and the unusual finding of the effects of swishing glucose (Chambers et al, 2009; Molden et al, 2012; Sanders et al, 2012). However, the strengths of a physiological substrate depletion explanation are that we feel as if something were running out, and that the body behaves as if biological resources were limited.…”

Section: Strengths and Weaknesses Of The Physiological Mechanisms In mentioning

confidence: 94%

The Nature of Self-Regulatory Fatigue and “Ego Depletion”

Evans

Boggero

Segerstrom

2016

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

143

103

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Self-regulation requires overriding a dominant response, and leads to temporary self-regulatory fatigue. Existing theories of the nature and causes of self-regulatory fatigue highlight physiological substrates such as glucose or psychological processes such as motivation, but these explanations are incomplete on their own. Historically, theories of physical fatigue demonstrate a similar pattern of useful but incomplete explanations, as recent views of physical fatigue emphasize the roles of both physiological and psychological factors. In addition to accounting for multiple inputs, these newer views also explain how fatigue can occur even in the presence of sufficient resources. Examining these newer theories of physical fatigue can serve as a foundation on which to build a more comprehensive understanding of self-regulatory fatigue that integrates possible neurobiological underpinnings of physical and self-regulatory fatigue, and suggests the possible function of self-regulatory fatigue.

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Section: Strengths and Weaknesses Of The Physiological Mechanisms In mentioning

confidence: 94%

The Nature of Self-Regulatory Fatigue and “Ego Depletion”

Evans

Boggero

Segerstrom

2016

Pers Soc Psychol Rev

143

103

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“…These studies report significant performance effects in the glucoserinse conditions (e.g., Molden et al, 2012;Sanders et al, 2012;Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2013) relative to an artificial sweetener condi-1 One of the most influential types of memory that has been studied is verbal memory. A series of studies depict a consistent pattern of glucose-enriched participants outperforming glucose-deprived participants in verbal memory tasks (Messier et al, 1998;Sünram-Lea et al, 2001;Sün-ram-Lea et al, 2002).…”

Section: Glucose and Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of glucose on Bayesian versus heuristic-based decision making.

Dickinson¹,

McElroy²,

Stroh³

2014

Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics

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We examine the impact of glucose in a choice task that can distinguish Bayesian from lower-level reinforcement heuristic choice. Drawing from a dual systems framework, we hypothesize that glucose administration will increase response times and improve Bayesian accuracy because it should shift decision making toward the more deliberate system 2 and away from the more automatic system 1 decision process. We study 113 subjects randomly assigned to either a glucose or placebo drink condition, who make choices in incentivized easy and difficult Bayesian task trials. Our results indicate a significant robust effect of glucose on response times. Glucose administration has a main effect of increasing response time, as predicted, and it also facilitates faster response times across trials. We do not find a direct impact of glucose administration on Bayesian accuracy, but we do estimate an impact of response times on accuracy that differs by task difficulty. This suggests an indirect impact of glucose on decision outcomes via its impact on response times.

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“…Across these studies, effect sizes were strongly negatively correlated with sample sizes, and the probability of obtaining the observed pattern of only significant results was less than 1%, (Schimmack, 2012), implying that the role of blood glucose in determining self-control capacities is likely to be overstated. This conclusion is further corroborated by replication studies that did not find the originally reported effect (Lange and Eggert, 2014; Lange et al, in press) as well as additional work suggesting that rinsing one’s mouth with glucose is sufficient to counteract self-control fatigue (Molden et al, 2012; Sanders et al, 2012; Hagger and Chatzisarantis, 2013; see also Carter and McCullough, 2013). …”

mentioning

confidence: 59%