The Gain Reduction Method for manual tracking of radio-tagged fish in streams

Abstract

Background: Manual tracking has been used since the 1970s as an effective radio telemetry approach for evaluating habitat use of fish in fluvial systems. Radio tags are often located by continually reducing the gain when approaching the tag along a watercourse to estimate its location, termed here as the 'Gain Reduction Method'. However, to our knowledge the accuracy of this method has not been empirically evaluated and reported in the literature. Here, the longitudinal and lateral positional errors of radio tags are assessed when applying the Gain Reduction Method in a small stream environment. Longitudinal and lateral positional errors (i.e. the difference between the estimated and actual radio tag location) were evaluated based on the distance from the actual tag position, the gain recorded when estimating the tag position and a number of environmental parameters (i.e. stream depth, velocity, stream width and specific conductivity). Results: The manual tracking trials produced an average lateral positional error of 0.91 m (± 1.4) and a longitudinal positional error of 0.66 m (± 0.87). A larger degree of longitudinal positional error was documented when the gain was higher (t = 2.21, p < 0.05). Larger lateral positional error was recorded when the tag was farther across the stream (t = 2.27, p < 0.01) and due to greater inaccuracy in longitudinal positioning (t = 3.2, p = 0.001). In addition, greater rates of lateral positional error were found when specific conductivity levels were higher (t = 2, p < 0.05). Longitudinal and lateral positional errors were not influenced by stream width (m), depth (m) or velocity (m/s). Conclusions: Although the Gain Reduction Method is commonly used to estimate habitat use of stream fishes, there appears to be a paucity of information in the literature that addresses the accuracy for obtaining fine-scale positioning of tagged fishes. This study is aimed to address this knowledge gap by identifying sources of locational error with the Gain Reduction Method. Overall, habitat variables were deemed to be unlikely to have a significant effect on estimating fish position in small streams. Researchers should be aware that error in the longitudinal direction will translate into larger errors in the lateral position. Further exploration of positional accuracy using this active tracking approach is recommended for larger and deeper fluvial systems.

Acoustic telemetry detection probability and location accuracy in a freshwater wetland embayment

“…Aerial radio telemetry estimates seem to have slightly worse positional accuracy (22-476 m, [42]), whereas ground tracking can perform slightly better than aerial surveys (1 to 131 m (median = 24 m), [43]) or even substantially better when used in a small stream setting (0.91 m, SD ± 1.4, [26]). It appears that habitat scale can influence location accuracy, as Sullivan et al [26] found much lower error estimates in small streams compared to the large tributaries sampled by Heim et al [43]. Sullivan et al [26] also used the gain reduction method as opposed to triangulation methods.…”

“…The gain reduction method [26] was used in a blind study design to assess the accuracy of active tracking to locate acoustically tagged fish in this shallow water environment. The gain reduction method uses a directional hydrophone and involves gradually reducing receiver gain to increase accuracy of location estimates as the mobile receiver is moved closer to the transmitter.…”

“…Error in positional estimates obtained via active tracking of radio-tagged fishes is much more commonly reported than that for acoustic telemetry (e.g., [26,[41][42][43]). Aerial radio telemetry estimates seem to have slightly worse positional accuracy (22-476 m, [42]), whereas ground tracking can perform slightly better than aerial surveys (1 to 131 m (median = 24 m), [43]) or even substantially better when used in a small stream setting (0.91 m, SD ± 1.4, [26]). It appears that habitat scale can influence location accuracy, as Sullivan et al [26] found much lower error estimates in small streams compared to the large tributaries sampled by Heim et al [43].…”

“…It appears that habitat scale can influence location accuracy, as Sullivan et al [26] found much lower error estimates in small streams compared to the large tributaries sampled by Heim et al [43]. Sullivan et al [26] also used the gain reduction method as opposed to triangulation methods. The wetland in our study was not a riverine system, so the results and implications may not be directly comparable; however, there appears to be similar error associated between triangulating radio frequencies and acoustic telemetry in larger systems.…”