The Gaelic Vision in Scottish Culture.

Primate social cognition: What we have learned from nonhuman primates and other animals.

“…Direct benefits accrue when understanding of others' actions is required to deal with challenges, for instance when correct interpretation of a social situation requires working out the intent behind another's actions or when acquiring a complex skill depends on imitation because it would be unlikely to be discovered by trial-and-error exploration. Indirect benefits come from the informational content that can be passed on by social learning and culture, allowing adaptation to local environments to be mediated by social learning as well as genetic evolution, resulting in differences in "cultural intelligence" (van Schaik, Deaner, & Merrill, 1999;Washburn & Benedict, 1979;Whiten, 2000).…”