The COVID-19 pandemic caused an important global change in political, financial, and health sectors to face the generated crisis. Therefore, new strategies have been developed, assumed, and implemented, with the support of governments and international organizations, on innovative capabilities that make it sustainable to invest in science to advance human development improvement of our nations. The objective of this chapter is to present in three different sections, before, during, and after the pandemic, a comprehensive overview of this topic in LATAM, which has generated close links among vaccine development and foreign policy strategies considering health and vaccine diplomacy as paramount branches included on science diplomacy actions in this region. Addressing the challenges and benefits of those strategies constitutes an element to be considered in foreign policy by governments interested in allocating efforts and resources into science, health, and sustainable development.