“…Even though the advantages of outsourcing have been emphasized previously (Lacity et al, 2016), studies also show that the expected benefits of outsourcing do not always arise (Bel et al, 2010;Young & Macinati, 2012). Outsourcing may lead to increased costs, reduced control, inferior transparency, and uneven quality (Bisman, 2008;Liang et al, 2016;Mederos, 2021). Earlier studies also highlight that outsourcing can lead to insufficient competition (Lacity et al, 2016), reduced trust (Lee & Kingsley, 2009), lock-in effects (Law, 2018), and increased transaction costs (Williamsson, 1979).…”