The future of aviation soars with HTL-based SAFs: exploring potential and overcoming challenges using organic wet feedstocks

Usman, Muhammad; Cheng, Shuo; Boonyubol, Sasipa; Cross, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.1039/d3se00427a

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 157 publications

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“…Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) stands as a progressive technology in waste management and sustainable energy. It operates under moderate conditions, typically 250–350 °C and 5–25 MPa, distinguishing itself by converting various feedstocks, including wet and dry SS, into biocrude, organically rich aqueous phase, solid biochar, and gases . This technology offers considerable benefits, like waste volume reduction, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and resource extraction from SS. − However, challenges arise in managing heteroatoms [e.g., heterocyclic, oxygen (O), and sulfur (S)] and nitrogen (N) compounds in HTL products, particularly biocrude derived from protein-rich SS, necessitating innovative approaches to optimizing its use as biofuel. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Minimization in Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude from Sewage Sludge with Green Extraction Solvents

Usman,

Cheng,

Boonyubol

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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This study explored the effectiveness of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in converting sewage sludge (SS) into high-quality biocrude. It scrutinized the influence of various solvents, including conventional choices like dichloromethane (DCM) and hexane, alongside environmentally friendly alternatives, such as ethyl butyrate (EB) and ethyl acetate (EA). HTL experiments, conducted at 350 °C for 60 min in a 20 mL batch reactor, include solvent-based biocrude extraction. Notably, EB showed the highest extraction yield (50.1 wt %), the lowest nitrogen distribution (5.4% with 0.32 wt %), and a remarkable 74% energy recovery (ER), setting a noteworthy benchmark in nitrogen reduction. GCMS analysis reveals EB-derived biocrude's superiority in having the least heteroatoms and nitrogenous compounds compared to hexane, EA, and DCM. Solid residues from hexane, EB, and EA displayed the highest nitrogen distribution range (62− 68%), hinting at potential applications in further processes. These findings significantly inform solvent selection for efficient and sustainable waste-to-energy conversion. While promising, the study emphasizes the need to explore solvent−solute interactions further to optimize biocrude quality, highlighting the pivotal role of solvent choice in advancing clean, cost-effective waste-to-energy technologies.

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