The future fate of the Antarctic marine biota?

Abstract

indirect trait effects in community dynamics is to incorporate dynamic state variable models [14] into community models. Also, the traits of predators and prey often depend on the traits of other predators and prey; for example, where and when prey forage is shaped by the distributions and behaviors of other prey and predators [15]. Thus, in these cases, prey behavior is not only a function of the densities of interacting species, but also of the individual traits of those other species. How the dynamics of these games interact with changes in the densities of the players will require integrating game models into community models. ConclusionsPreisser et al. show that how a predator affects prey traits is often just as important as how many prey a predator eats. The size of trait effects will depend on the system, but can sometimes be similar to the total predator effect. Therefore, understanding community dynamics will often require understanding not only density impacts between predator and prey, but also how scared prey alter their interactions with other species. Changes in prey traits responding to predation risk have too large an effect to be ignored in either empirical or theoretical studies.

On the origin of Antarctic marine benthic community structure

“…However, this work has addressed different evolutionary timescales when comparing the oceanographical and deep-sea gateways through which marine organisms can colonize the Southern Ocean [23,[26][27][28]. On short timescales, pelagic larvae, including taxa that went extinct during Antarctic cooling, might be at an advantage to successfully (re-)colonize Antarctica following glaciation by crossing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, compared with species without pelagic lifehistory forms, which need to conquer Antarctica by migrating through the deep sea, which might take Box 1.…”

“…During glacial periods, these opportunistic life forms might have been among the few species that were able to survive physical disturbance through advancing grounded ice sheets and iceberg ploughing of a much higher intensity. Either they could have survived diachronous fluctuations in ice extent on the shelf during a glacial period by migrating from one shelter to another, or they could have been quickest to recolonize the continental shelf from the deep sea during the following deglaciation millions of years [23,27,28]. It has been suggested that the pace of such colonization processes following significant environmental change [26], is dependent mainly on lifehistory strategies that are adapted to the harsh living conditions, mainly low temperatures, at high latitudes [23,[26][27][28].…”

Contributions of larval biology to crustacean research: a review

“…There is, for instance, growing concern about possible invasions in the Antarctic region, which has been considered as especially isolated and physically protected against alien invasions (Clarke et al, 2005;Frenot et al, 2005;Thatje, 2005). Lithodids, or "king crabs", are likely candidates for becoming future invaders of cold waters, especially due to larval predaptations to both low temperatures and planktonic food limitation at high latitudes (for recent review, see Anger et al, 2004;Thatje et al, 2005).…”

Antarctic ascidians: an isolated and homogeneous fauna

“…2005). However, no marine non‐indigenous animal species have yet been proven to have become successfully established in Antarctic waters (Thatje 2005; Barnes et al. 2006).…”