The Functions of Sleep

Assefa, Samson Z; Diaz‐Abad, Montserrat; Wickwire, Emerson M.; Scharf, Steven M.

doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2015.3.155

Cited by 67 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The rapid induction of cell death via the apoptotic pathway as the consequence of failed calcium regulation is a well-studied process [34,35], including apoptosis as the result of coordinated release of intracellular calcium stores [36]. In addition, cell adhesion is a process that is mediated (in part) by intracellular calcium and is largely dependent on the activity of intracellular calcium stores for regulation [37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amide-Type Local Anesthetics and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Clinical Implications for Stem Cell Therapy

Dregalla

Lyons

Reischling

et al. 2014

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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In the realm of regenerative medicine, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are gaining attention as a cell source for the repair and regeneration of tissues spanning an array of medical disciplines. In orthopedics, hMSCs are often delivered in a site-specific manner at the area of interest and may require the concurrent application of local anesthetics (LAs). To address the implications of using hMSCs in combination with anesthetics for intra-articular applications, we investigated the effect that clinically relevant doses of amide-type LAs have on the viability of bone marrow-derived hMSCs and began to characterize the mechanism of LA-induced hMSC death. In our study, culture-expanded hMSCs from three donors were exposed to the amide-type LAs ropivacaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine. To replicate the physiological dilution of LAs once injected into the synovial capsule, each anesthetic was reduced to 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of the stock solution and incubated with each hMSC line for 40 minutes, 120 minutes, 360 minutes, and 24 hours. At each time point, cell viability assays were performed. We found that extended treatment with LAs for 24 hours had a significant impact on both hMSC viability and adhesion. In addition, hMSC treatment with three of the four anesthetics resulted in cell death via apoptosis following brief exposures. Ultimately, we concluded that amide-type LAs induce hMSC apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner that may threaten clinical outcomes, following a similar trend that has been established between these particular anesthetics and articular chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amide-Type Local Anesthetics and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Clinical Implications for Stem Cell Therapy

Dregalla

Lyons

Reischling

et al. 2014

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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“…In contrast, REM sleep is characterized by EEG activation, rapid eye movements, and skeletal muscle atonia. These distinct states are hypothesized to perform independent and complementary physiologic and mental restorative functions [15]. Standardized criteria for defining different stages in humans have been published elsewhere [16].…”

Section: Sleep Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although a unifying theory that definitively explains the purpose of sleep remains elusive, several theories have been proposed to explain its myriad functions [15]. For example, it has been postulated that sleep is required for restorative and somatic growth, a theory supported by the linkage of certain anabolic processes and hormone function such as growth hormone, which is secreted during deep NREM sleep.…”

Section: Sleep Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, Sleep Disorders, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. What We Know and What We Need to Know: Findings from a National Working Group

et al. 2016

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Disturbed sleep is one of the most common complaints following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and worsens morbidity and long-term sequelae. Further, sleep and TBI share neurophysiologic underpinnings with direct relevance to recovery from TBI. As such, disturbed sleep and clinical sleep disorders represent modifiable treatment targets to improve outcomes in TBI. This paper presents key findings from a national working group on sleep and TBI, with a specific focus on the testing and development of sleep-related therapeutic interventions for mild TBI (mTBI). First, mTBI and sleep physiology are briefly reviewed. Next, essential empirical and clinical questions and knowledge gaps are addressed. Finally, actionable recommendations are offered to guide active and efficient collaboration between academic, industry, and governmental stakeholders.

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“…The sleep-research pioneer Allen Rechtschaffen once noted that "if sleep does not serve an absolute vital function, then it is the biggest mistake the evolutionary process ever made" [12]. Although it was provocatively argued that sleep is indeed an evolutionary junkyard of non-adaptation and essentially has no other function than simple rest when animals have nothing else to do [13], such an attitude is unconvincing and does not withstand a close inspection [14].…”

Section: The Visceral Theory Of Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%