The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model

Wray, Alison; Perkins, Michael

doi:10.1016/s0271-5309(99)00015-4

Cited by 536 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The nomenclature attributed to the MWU types is diverse (see Wray 2002;Wray and Perkins 2000). Theoretically, restricted collocations, idioms and lexical bundles are each subtypes of the MWU continuum; they fill the 'gap' between phrases and atomic lexical units in the mental lexicon.…”

Section: Definitions For Mwu Categoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In support of multiword unit classifications: Corpus and human rating data validate phraseological classifications of three different multiword unit types

Columbus¹

2013

Yearbook of Phraseology

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Multiword units (MWUs) are word combinations which sit within the continuum of formulaic language. Many experimental studies have focused on the online processing of MWUs by native and non-native speakers, and the processing of idioms in particular. However, some studies use a mix of various MWU subtypes, while other studies have varying definitions for the same subtypes. For results from MWU studies to be useful to theories of language processing, storage and access, clearer classifications are needed for MWU subtypes. This study aims to empirically validate MWU categories as described by certain phraseologists in the European tradition. This will be done using MWUs from the British National Corpus, from across the continuum of frequent to infrequent occurrence and co-occurrence. Hence, in this paper I will describe the empirical findings that may validate the classifications for MWU categories of restricted collocations, idioms, and lexical bundles, using corpus-based measures and human ratings.

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Section: Definitions For Mwu Categoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In support of multiword unit classifications: Corpus and human rating data validate phraseological classifications of three different multiword unit types

Columbus¹

2013

Yearbook of Phraseology

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“…From cognitive perspectives, Ellis (1996) contends that language learning is essentially the learning of formulaic sequences and their interpretations. Wray and Perkins (2000) take the middle path by proposing a balance between creativity and formulaicity. Their view is that communicative language processing can be achieved by the establishment of a suitable balance between creative and holistic processes.…”

Section: Role Of Chunks In Language Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Repetition of Chunks in Korean Middle School English Textbooks

Lee¹

2015

ELT

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The current study aims to examine the use of chunks and the extent of repetition in Korean middle school English textbooks. Also, the number of chunks shared by three publishers is examined. To create the corpora, 9 textbooks from three publishers were filed and processed by Simple Concordance Program. The results showed that chunk expressions were repeated 3.6 times on average. Most collocations occurred only one to two times throughout the same series of textbooks. Fixed-expressions showed similar results to those of lexical expressions, while semi-fixed expressions were shown relatively higher frequency rate than the other chunks. Regarding the repetition of chunks, most chunks were reused over 2 or 3 units. The number of chunks shared by three publishers in common was not many. It can be inferred that there were no agreed criteria for the selection and repetition of chunks among the textbook writers. The national curriculum works as a guideline, but the process of selecting items seems to be highly subjective and conducted without the consideration of repetition rate.

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“…Many similar and/or overlapping terms have been used to indicate multiword sequences that are somehow ''prefabricated'' so as to exhibit a degree of cohesion that is generally not present in other utterances. Terms like MWEs, formulaic sequences, fixed expressions, stock phrases, sayings, clichés, speech formulae, lexical phrases, automatized chunks, prefabricated phrases and collocations have been used in the various disciplines to denote such sequences or specific subcategories of them (Wray and Perkins 2000;Van Lancker Sidtis and Rallon 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In psycholinguistics and language acquisition research it is more common to use descriptions of MWEs that refer to the function they fulfill (Nattinger and DeCarrico 1992) or the way in which they are processed (Wray and Perkins 2000;Sprenger et al 2006;Wood 2004;Schmitt and Carter 2004;Conklin and Schmitt 2007). Examples of this type of definition can be found in Wray and Perkins (2000: 1) who define formulaic sequences as being ''prefabricated: that is, stored and retrieved whole from memory at the time of use, rather than being subject to generation or analysis by the language grammar''.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the reasons why MWEs in spoken language have attracted the attention of researchers working in psycholinguistics and language acquisition is that MWEs appear to contribute to reducing cognitive load and promoting fluency (Towell et al 1996;Chambers 1998;Wray and Perkins 2000;Wood 2004;Sprenger et al 2006). In particular, MWEs appear to be less interrupted by pauses and to lead to increased speech rate (Underwood et al 2004;Dahlmann and Adolphs 2007;Erman 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing and identifying multiword expressions in spoken language

Strik

Hulsbosch

Cucchiarini

2009

Lang Resources & Evaluation

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The present paper investigates multiword expressions (MWEs) in spoken language and possible ways of identifying MWEs automatically in speech corpora. Two MWEs that emerged from previous studies and that occur frequently in Dutch are analyzed to study their pronunciation characteristics and compare them to those of other utterances in a large speech corpus. The analyses reveal that these MWEs display extreme pronunciation variation and reduction, i.e., many phonemes and even syllables are deleted. Several measures of pronunciation reduction are calculated for these two MWEs and for all other utterances in the corpus. Five of these measures are more than twice as high for the MWEs, thus indicating considerable reduction. One overall measure of pronunciation deviation is then calculated and used to automatically identify MWEs in a large speech corpus. The results show that neither this overall measure, nor frequency of co-occurrence alone are suitable for identifying MWEs. The best results are obtained by using a metric that combines overall pronunciation reduction with weighted frequency. In this way, recurring ''islands of pronunciation reduction'' that contain (potential) MWEs can be identified in a large speech corpus.

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The functions of formulaic language: an integrated model

Cited by 536 publications

References 40 publications

In support of multiword unit classifications: Corpus and human rating data validate phraseological classifications of three different multiword unit types

In support of multiword unit classifications: Corpus and human rating data validate phraseological classifications of three different multiword unit types

The Repetition of Chunks in Korean Middle School English Textbooks

Analyzing and identifying multiword expressions in spoken language

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