The Functionality of Ion Exchange Resins for Esterification, Transesterification and Hydrogenation Reactions

Abstract

Ion exchange resins (IER) possess a catalytically flexible structure which enables them to be easily applied for renewable energy production and environmentally friendly reactions. More specifically, they can be used as catalyst or catalyst support in other industrialized processes such as; esterification, transesterification and hydrogenation reactions. Several works on esterification, transesterification and hydrogenation reactions are in literature. This study reviews some of these works which includes the utilization of IER in esterification, trans-esterification and hydrogenation reactions. Recent reports show that IER are conventionally used as catalyst in esterification and transesterification reactions. For hydrogenation reactions, IER have been utilized as support for metallic catalyst, raising questions on their inability to be applied as catalyst. Hence, this study has itemized these various reactions, detailing their applications which are highly industrialized reaction processes.

Hybrid organic‐inorganic acid catalysts: The effect of active sites localization on catalytic characteristics in the processes of alcohols' etherification. A review

“…The use of sulfonic resins in catalysis is caused by sulfonic groups, which are active sites of many reactions proceeding according to the acid–base type of interaction 1,3 . An important characteristic of this type of catalyst is the accessibility of acid sulfonic groups to reacting molecules.…”

“…22,[64][65][66] The use of sulfonic resins in catalysis is caused by sulfonic groups, which are active sites of many reactions proceeding according to the acid-base type of interaction. 1,3 An important characteristic of this type of catalyst is the accessibility of acid sulfonic groups to reacting molecules. For the bulk sulfonic resins, accessibility of acid sites predominantly ensures by the swelling of the polymer matrix in a polar medium.…”

“…The production of alkyl tert ‐butyl ethers is based on the low‐temperature reaction of isobutylene with alcohols over acid catalysts. The industrial process uses sulfonic resin catalysts, which are polymer matrices (copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene), functionalized with sulfonic groups 1–4 . These catalytic systems have high activity and selectivity.…”

“…The industrial process uses sulfonic resin catalysts, which are polymer matrices (copolymers of styrene and divinylbenzene), functionalized with sulfonic groups. [1][2][3][4] These catalytic systems have high activity and selectivity. However, they are inherent several disadvantages.…”

Revisiting Isothermal Effectiveness Factor Equations for Reversible Reactions

“…Ion exchange resins are cross-linked copolymers bearing acidic or basic functional groups that render them useful for many industrial applications, including as sorbents and catalysts for various reactions, e.g., esterification [4] and biomass conversion into biofuels [5]. In general, these resins can be easily regenerated and reused, but their low thermal resistance dictates that the reaction temperature cannot be too high (typically below 120 • C) [6].…”