The functional connectivity between the locust leg pattern generators and the subesophageal ganglion higher motor center

Knebel, Daniel; Rillich, Jan; Nadler, Leonard; Pflüger, Hans‐Joachim; Ayali, Amir

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.060

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…These numbers compare well with those reported in crickets and cockroaches and the spatial distribution of DINs in the CRG in clusters is also similar in all three species (Hsu and Bhandawat, 2016). Likewise, the number of DINs in Drosophila GNG is 121 pairs and comparable to the roughly 150 pairs reported in locusts (Knebel et al, 2019). Interestingly, DINs of cockroaches and flies receive input from regions of the CRG that are innervated by outputs from MB and CX (Hsu and Bhandawat, 2016).…”

Section: Neuroanatomy Of the Dinssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…There are about 90 DINs with a cell body in the GNG most of which have a contralateral axon (Kien et al, 1990;Gal and Libersat, 2006). Such a number might be an underestimate as a recent study labeled roughly 150 descending GNG neurons (Knebel et al, 2019). In Drosophila, the GNG DINs group provides the major pathway to the leg motor neuropiles in the ventral nerve cord (Namiki et al, 2018).…”

Section: The Gnathal Ganglia (Gng)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such CPGs include motor and inter-neuronal constituents and are strongly modulated by peripheral sensory elements as well (Marder and Bucher, 2001;Marder et al, 2005;Selverston, 2010). Rhythmicity in these local networks is rarely expressed spontaneously (Knop et al, 2001) and often requires an appropriate mechanical or pharmacological stimulus (Arshavsky et al, 1997;Marder and Bucher, 2001;Knebel et al, 2019). In the absence of any sensory input, CPGs are able to generate a rhythm which pre-structures the rhythmicity but not the coordination pattern of the natural behavior (Knebel et al, 2017;review: Bidaye et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Role of the Head Ganglia in Posture and Walking in Insects

et al. 2020

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In insects, locomotion is the result of rhythm generating thoracic circuits and their modulation by sensory reflexes and by inputs from the two head ganglia, the cerebral and the gnathal ganglia (GNG), which act as higher order neuronal centers playing different functions in the initiation, goal-direction, and maintenance of movement. Current knowledge on the various roles of major neuropiles of the cerebral ganglia (CRG), such as mushroom bodies (MB) and the central complex (CX), in particular, are discussed as well as the role of the GNG. Thoracic and head ganglia circuitries are connected by ascending and descending neurons. While less is known about the ascending neurons, recent studies in large insects and Drosophila have begun to unravel the identity of descending neurons and their appropriate roles in posture and locomotion. Descending inputs from the head ganglia are most important in initiating and modulating thoracic central pattern generating circuitries to achieve goal directed locomotion. In addition, the review will also deal with some known monoaminergic descending neurons which affect the motor circuits involved in posture and locomotion. In conclusion, we will present a few issues that have, until today, been little explored. For example, how and which descending neurons are selected to engage a specific motor behavior and how feedback from thoracic circuitry modulate the head ganglia circuitries. The review will discuss results from large insects, mainly locusts, crickets, and stick insects but will mostly focus on cockroaches and the fruit fly, Drosophila.

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Section: Neuroanatomy Of the Dinssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: The Gnathal Ganglia (Gng)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Role of the Head Ganglia in Posture and Walking in Insects

et al. 2020

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“…We will first deal with a thorough study concerning experiments with locusts (Knebel et al 2017). In all these experiments, the three thoracic ganglia of a locust have been deafferented, as well as connectives to the suboesophageal ganglion and to the abdominal ganglia were cut (but see Knebel et al 2018). With this preparation, a number of experiments have been performed by treating only selected ganglia with pilocarpine.…”

Section: All Legs Deafferentedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decentralized Control of Insect Walking – a simple neural network explains a wide range of behavioral and neurophysiological results

Schilling

Cruse

2019

Preprint

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AbstractControl of walking with six or more legs in an unpredictable environment is a challenging task, as many degrees of freedom have to be coordinated. Generally, solutions are proposed that rely on (sensory-modulated) CPGs, mainly based on data from neurophysiological studies. Here, we are introducing a sensor based controller operating on artificial neurons, being applied to a (simulated) hexapod robot with a morphology adapted to Carausius morosus. We show that such a decentralized solution leads to adaptive behavior when facing uncertain environments which we demonstrate for a large range of behaviors – slow and fast walking, forward and backward walking, negotiation of curves and walking on a treadmill with various treatment of individual legs. This approach can as well account for these neurophysiological results without relying on explicit CPG-like structures, but can be complemented with these for very fast walking.

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“…Without a currently known function outside of evidence showing a role in decision making of egg-laying sites, this may argue for ascending commands from the insulin-sensitive cell bodies of the VNC to a premotor area such as the gnathal ganglion (Yang et al, 2008;Cognigni et al, 2011). Importantly, the gnathal (or subesophageal) ganglion is known to have critical roles in insect locomotion, particularly in walking, limb coordination and escape (Ritzmann and Büschges, 2007;Knebel et al, 2018;Libersat and Gal, 2013). Of course, it is probable that multiple sites of action are involved in the changes seen in our study.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predatory behavior changes with satiety or increased insulin levels in the praying mantis (Tenodera sinensis)

Bertsch

Martin

Svenson

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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At any given moment, behavior is controlled by a combination of external stimuli and an animal's internal state. As physiological conditions change, vastly different behaviors might result from the same stimuli. For example, the motivation to hunt and hunting strategy are influenced by satiety. Here, we describe how sensory responsiveness and motor activity of a praying mantis (Tenodera sinensis) change as the insect feeds, leading to an altered hunting strategy. We further show that these changes can be induced by injection of insulin, which likely functions as a metabotropic indicator. Praying mantises directed their attention toward real and simulated prey less often as they fed and became sated. The range of distance and azimuth at which prey was detected decreased as did pursuit of prey, while opportunistic close-range attacks persisted. Together, these sensorimotor changes are indicative of a behavioral paradigm shift from 'pursuit' to 'ambush'. A similar effect was induced in starved praying mantises injected with 0.05 ml of 200 μg ml −1 bovine insulin. These experiments showed that insulin injection into the circulating hemolymph is sufficient to decrease prey orientation as well as in prey-directed locomotor behaviors (tracking and pursuit). The effects of prey consumption and insulin injection were similarly dose dependent. These results suggest that insulin is a signal of internal, physiological conditions that can modify responses to external stimuli. A change in hunting strategy thus results from coordinated effects of a neurohormone on a set of independent sensorimotor processes and the overall activity level of the animal.

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The functional connectivity between the locust leg pattern generators and the subesophageal ganglion higher motor center

Cited by 18 publications

References 88 publications

On the Role of the Head Ganglia in Posture and Walking in Insects

On the Role of the Head Ganglia in Posture and Walking in Insects

Decentralized Control of Insect Walking – a simple neural network explains a wide range of behavioral and neurophysiological results

Predatory behavior changes with satiety or increased insulin levels in the praying mantis (Tenodera sinensis)

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