The Functional Anatomy of the Superficial Fat Compartments of the Face: A Detailed Imaging Study

Schenck, Thilo L.; Koban, Konstantin Christoph; Schlattau, Alexander; Frank, Konstantin; Sykes, Jonathan M.; Targosinski, Stefan; Erlbacher, Katharina; Cotofana, Sebastian

doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000004364

Cited by 98 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The superficial fat volume of the infraorbital and perioral regions was significantly greater at the lower than the upper area, which confirms the trends found in previous studies (Gierloff et al, ; Schenck et al, ; Wysong et al, ). Based on these results, it is better to consider this area for volume restoration using filler, since the superficial fat volume of the upper area of the infraorbital region can naturally reduce with age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In‐depth morphological studies of the human body have been performed using various diagnostic imaging devices. Previous studies that have employed MRI have encountered difficulties in providing in‐depth data for the main anatomical structures of the face because of poor image resolution due to spatial limitations of the head coil (Schenck et al, ). The histology method is limited by soft tissue deformation during tissue processing (Chopra et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several diagnostic imaging devices methodologies such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography (US) have been commonly used to investigate the skin and the subcutaneous fat layer (Foissac et al, ; Gosain et al, ; Gülbitti et al, ; Iyengar et al, ; Schenck et al, ; Wysong et al, ). Due to technical limitation such as a localized low imaging resolution, previous studies could not demonstrate the topography of the skin and superficial fat thicknesses over the entire face.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional thickness of facial skin and superficial fat: Application to the minimally invasive procedures

et al. 2019

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Various recently introduced minimally invasive treatment modalities are now widely used for enhancing the aging face. In a special, filler is used to increase the volume of tissue, and so understanding the regional thickness and distribution of the facial superficial fat is essential for optimizing minimally invasive procedures. The aim of this study was to establish the overall facial skin and superficial fat thicknesses using a three-dimensional (3D) scanning system. From 53 adult Korean and Thai embalmed adult cadavers, the undissected and serially-dissected facial specimens were scanned and reconstructed. The facial skin and superficial fat thicknesses on seven facial regions were calculated from the superimposed images. The facial skin tended to become thicker in the order of the radix and dorsum, and the temple, supraorbital, forehead, perioral, cheek, and infraorbital areas. The skin was thinnest at radix and dorsum (1.51 AE 0.55 mm), and thickest in infraorbital region (1.97 AE 0.84 mm). The facial superficial fat thickness tended to increase in the order of the radix and dorsum, supraorbital, forehead, temple, cheek, infraorbital, and perioral regions. The superficial fat was thinnest at the radix and dorsum (1.61 AE 1.07 mm), and thickest in the perioral region (5.14 AE 3.31 mm). The facial superficial fat thickness tended to increase in the order of the radix and dorsum, supraorbital, forehead, temple, cheek, infraorbital, and perioral regions. The present findings indicate that 3D scanning system can yield crucial anatomical information about depths of the facial skin

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional thickness of facial skin and superficial fat: Application to the minimally invasive procedures

et al. 2019

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“…The boundaries between these different types play a crucial role in the formation of the above‐mentioned age‐related clinical manifestations . Another important shift in paradigms occurred after the introduction of the 5 Layers of the face: Layer 1: Skin, Layer 2: Subcutaneous fat including retinacula cutis (composed of fibrous connective tissue), Layer 3: Superficial musculo‐aponeurotic system (SMAS), Layer 4: Deep fat, and Layer 5: Periosteum or deep fascia . This layered arrangement of the face provides anatomic guidance for the identification of discrete anatomic structures, thereby increasing the safety of minimally invasive applications and/or enabling the surgeon to target desired structures for the best esthetic outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Another important shift in paradigms occurred after the introduction of the 5 Layers of the face: Periosteum or deep fascia. 6 This layered arrangement of the face provides anatomic guidance for the identification of discrete anatomic structures, thereby increasing the safety of minimally invasive applications and/or enabling the surgeon to target desired structures for the best esthetic outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The layered anatomy of the jawline

Suwanchinda

Rudolph

Hladik

et al. 2018

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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The Superficial Face Dissection as an Example for Integrating Clinical Approaches, Authentic Learning, and Changing Perspectives in Anatomy Dissection

Cotofana

Lachman

2019

Anatomical Sciences Ed

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Hands‐on dissection‐based learning of anatomy offers an unique and valued experience for medical students. Too often however, the inexperienced student's focus is to avoid damage to unfamiliar structures instead of understanding spatial relationships between structures. This results in unfortunate surrender of a critical learning experience. Additionally, approaches to dissection and anatomic exposure share little alignment to clinical approaches, making it less powerful in clinical applicability. The goal of this viewpoint commentary is based on the experience of the two authors and aims to demonstrate opportunity to introduce clinical approaches for dissection while incorporating relevant anatomical concepts in medical school curriculum that aligns with authentic healthcare practice. Using the dissections of the superficial face as a relevant and current topic of clinical interest, we point out that applying the currently performed dissection approach (medial‐to‐lateral) falls short of providing sufficient knowledge and understanding of the layered arrangement of facial structures. The lateral‐to‐medial approach, as performed in surgical face lifting procedures would offer a better understanding of the layers of the face and especially the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) accounting for the difficulties of facial dissections on embalmed cadavers. This commentary could offer a potential change in paradigm for students and course facilitators for how to maximize the knowledge transfer during facial dissections. It potentially opens a door to rethink dissection‐based learning of anatomy toward techniques and approaches that are aligned to surgical access pathways and thus considered more clinically relevant.

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The Functional Anatomy of the Superficial Fat Compartments of the Face: A Detailed Imaging Study

Cited by 98 publications

References 23 publications

Regional thickness of facial skin and superficial fat: Application to the minimally invasive procedures

Regional thickness of facial skin and superficial fat: Application to the minimally invasive procedures

The layered anatomy of the jawline

The Superficial Face Dissection as an Example for Integrating Clinical Approaches, Authentic Learning, and Changing Perspectives in Anatomy Dissection

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