The Function of the PRRSV–Host Interactions and Their Effects on Viral Replication and Propagation in Antiviral Strategies

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects the global swine industry and causes disastrous economic losses each year. The genome of PRRSV is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 15 kb. The PRRSV replicates primarily in alveolar macrophages of pig lungs and lymphatic organs and causes reproductive problems in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets. To date, studies on how PRRSV survives in the host, the host immune response against viral infections, and pathogenesis, have been reported. PRRSV vaccines have been developed, including inactive virus, modified live virus, attenuated live vaccine, DNA vaccine, and immune adjuvant vaccines. However, there are certain problems with the durability and effectiveness of the licensed vaccines. Moreover, the high variability and fast-evolving populations of this RNA virus challenge the design of PRRSV vaccines, and thus effective vaccines against PRRSV have not been developed successfully. As is well known, viruses interact with the host to escape the host’s immune response and then replicate and propagate in the host, which is the key to virus survival. Here, we review the complex network and the mechanism of PRRSV–host interactions in the processes of virus infection. It is critical to develop novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV by studying these host–virus interactions and structures to better understand the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV immune escape.

Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101 (TSG101) Contributes to Virion Formation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Interaction with the Nucleocapsid (N) Protein along with the Early Secretory Pathway

“…PRRSV exploits host cellular machinery for its proliferation, and therefore host factors required for PRRSV infection may be targeted for the development of antiviral agents. Despite tremendous progress in elucidation of PRRSV life cycle ( 53 – 55 ), an in-depth understanding of PRRSV assembly is still missing. In the present study, we unraveled the importance of TSG101, an ESCRT-I component, in PRRSV assembly for the first time.…”

Inhibitory effect and mechanism of gelatin stabilized ferrous sulfide nanoparticles on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

“…Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease that causes reproductive failure in breeding sows and respiratory disorders in growing pigs [ 1 ]. The etiologic agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), an enveloped, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Arteriviridae [ 2 ], has caused huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide in the past three decades, due to its persistent mutation and epidemic caused by the high variability of the RNA virus genome, making its prevention and treatment still unsatisfactory [ 3 ]. This suggests the necessity to develop novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV by inactivating the virus from the initial stage of infection.…”

Recent advances in inhibition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through targeting CD163

“…The causative agent, PRRS virus (PRRSV), is a small, enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus in the genus Betaarterivirus, family Arteriviridae. Its genome is about 15 kb in length with a 5 cap and a 3 poly (A) tail and includes at least 11 open reading frames 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1006464 (ORFs) expressed from genomic and subgenomic mRNAs (Ma et al, 2021). The first two ORFs (ORF1a and ORF1b) encompass about 75% of the genome and encode two large polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), which are proteolytically processed into approximately 14 viral non-structural proteins (nsps): nsp1α, nsp1β, nsp2-6, nsp7α, nsp7β, and nsp8-12 (Yu et al, 2021).…”