The Full-Scale Laboratory: The Practice of Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Missions and Their Contribution to Earthquake Engineering

Spence, Robin

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07118-3_1

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Consider, for example, that many of the foundational social science disaster studies in the late 1940s and 1950s were conducted by teams of sociologists, psychologists, political scientists, and anthropologists (Quarantelli, 1987). Similarly, some of the first systematic postearthquake reconnaissance missions in the 1960s involved civil and structural engineers studying alongside geologists and seismologists (Spence, 2014). Beginning in the 1970s, scholars started working across even more expansive disciplinary divides in engineering and the social sciences to understand disasters holistically (Kendra & Nigg, 2014).…”

Section: The Importance Of Interdisciplinary Hazards and Disaster Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interdisciplinary Theory, Methods, and Approaches for Hazards and Disaster Research: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Guikema

2021

Risk Analysis

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What is interdisciplinary research? Why is it vital to the advancement of the field of hazards and disaster research? What theory, methods, and approaches are fundamental to interdisciplinary research projects and their applications? This article addresses these and other pressing questions by taking stock of recent advancements in interdisciplinary studies of hazards and disasters. It also introduces the special issue of Risk Analysis, which includes this introductory article and 25 original perspectives papers meant to highlight new trends and applications in the field. The papers were written following two National Science Foundationsupported workshops that were organized in response to the growing interest in interdisciplinary hazards and disaster research, the increasing number of interdisciplinary funding opportunities and collaborations in the field, and the need for more rigorous guidance for interdisciplinary researchers and research teams. This introductory article and the special collection are organized around the cross-cutting themes of theory, methods, approaches, interdisciplinary research projects, and applications to advance interdisciplinarity in hazards and disaster research.

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Section: The Importance Of Interdisciplinary Hazards and Disaster Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From its inception, the field of hazards and disaster research has been unapologetically applied. In fact, the earliest field research teams were funded to answer urgent questions of great practical and societal importance (Quarantelli, 1987; Spence, 2014). Do people panic in a disaster?…”

Section: The Special Issue: Themes and Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdisciplinary Theory, Methods, and Approaches for Hazards and Disaster Research: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Guikema

2021

Risk Analysis

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“…Knowledge of failure modes of buildings in seismic prone regions is formed through direct field observation of post-earthquake damage site. Spence (2014) outlines how post-earthquake reconnaissance activity, from the 1980s onwards, has played a critical role in forming and evolving seismic engineering knowledge up to underpinning performance based seismic engineering design. For traditional masonry structures, site investigations play an important role to identify the prevalent geometric and structural features (i.e., height, plan dimensions, material type, floor/roof types, connections) and their deficiencies (i.e., decay, damage, defects, poor construction practices) as they might be very peculiar and specific to a particular site, and at the same time, they are critical to the response of each single structure.…”

Section: Knowledge Base For Failure Mode Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rule-based model was programmed within an Answer Set Programming (ASP) computational environment Lifschitz, 1988, 1991), a form of declarative computing language, that offers an intuitive and declarative syntax for problem solving. Specifically, in the context of LOG-IDEAH, the ASP was adopted to define a syntax, introduced to create a correspondence between crack patterns and failure modes, basic knowledge required by trained engineers to interpret seismic damage and to recognize failure modes (Grünthal, 1998;D'Ayala and Speranza, 2003;Zuccaro et al, 2008;Andreotti et al, 2014;Spence, 2014). Due to incomplete dataset or impossibility of carrying out complete inspections of damaged buildings, the seismic data interpretation is not always a straightforward process, hence a fundamental characteristic of the rule-based model produced, is the exploitation of the synthetic logic used by professional to diagnose failure modes in conditions of modest confidence about the available information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the Knowledge-Based System LOG-IDEAH to Assess Failure Modes of Masonry Buildings, Damaged by L'Aquila Earthquake in 2009

Novelli

D’Ayala

2019

Front. Built Environ.

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This article, first, discusses the decision-making process, typically used by trained engineers to assess failure modes of masonry buildings, and then, presents the rule-based model, required to build a knowledge-based system for post-earthquake damage assessment. The acquisition of the engineering knowledge and implementation of the rule-based model lead to the developments of the knowledge-based system LOG-IDEAH (Logic trees for Identification of Damage due to Earthquakes for Architectural Heritage), a web-based tool, which assesses failure modes of masonry buildings by interpreting both crack pattern and damage severity, recorded on site by visual inspection. Assuming that failure modes detected by trained engineers for a sample of buildings are the correct ones, these are used to validate the predictions made by LOG-IDEAH. Prediction robustness of the proposed system is carried out by computing Precision and Recall measures for failure modes, predicted for a set of buildings selected in the city center of L'Aquila (Italy), damaged by an earthquake in 2009. To provide an independent meaning of verification for LOG-IDEAH, random generations of outputs are created to obtain baselines of failure modes for the same case study. For the baseline output to be compatible and consistent with the observations on site, failure modes are randomly generated with the same probability of occurrence as observed for the building samples inspected in the city center of L'Aquila. The comparison between Precision and Recall measures, calculated on the output, provided by LOG-IDEAH and predicted by random generations, underlines that the proposed knowledge-based system has a high ability to predict failure modes of masonry buildings, and has the potential to support surveyors in post-earthquake assessments.

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“…In-situ structural observations offer an important contribution to the understanding of how structures behaved during seismic shaking, and may include records of the mechanisms of structural failure and the scale and extent of damage to structures at a global and component level, including observations of undamaged structures (Greene et al, 2004;Spence, 2014). However, the extent of observations is often limited, confined to street level and constrained by the short period of time that a team is in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake Damage Data Collection Using Omnidirectional Imagery

Stone

Putrino

D’Ayala

2018

Front. Built Environ.

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The unique perspectives and viewpoints offered by omnidirectional camera technology has the potential to help improve the outcomes of technical post-earthquake reconnaissance missions. Omnidirectional imagery can be used to virtually "walk through" damaged streets post hoc with a 360 • , immersive view. A common reconnaissance mission aim is to accurately collect damage data; however, there are time challenges for surveyors in the field. The manuscript explores the potential for using omnidirectional imagery to improve damage surveying, firstly by comparing results from damage surveys completed in the field with results obtained using omnidirectional images collected during a mission and surveyed by an experienced engineer virtually and secondly by comparing damage assessment obtained through omnidirectional imagery collected on the ground with the EU Copernicus damage assessment maps. The omnidirectional imagery data was collected during two separate Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team post-earthquake reconnaissance missions, namely the area affected by the 2016, 7.8 Muisne Earthquake in Ecuador and the area struck by the 2016, 6.2 Amatrice earthquake in Italy. Notwithstanding the diverse geographic scale, terrain and urban context of the two reconnaissance missions, the results consistently show significant capabilities for this technology in the identification of construction typologies, number of stories, aggregated "low" and "high" damage grades, and failure modes. The work highlights potential issues with correct identification of disaggregated lower damage grades (e.g., European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) damage grades 0-3). Challenges identified in the virtual survey process included poor image quality, insufficient photo sphere captures, and obstructions such as trees, walls or vehicles. The omnidirectional imagery represents a substantial improvement in damage assessment accuracy in respect to satellite imagery, especially for lower damage grades, while it is an essential tool for comprehensive surveys in reduced access zones with high levels of damage.

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The Full-Scale Laboratory: The Practice of Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Missions and Their Contribution to Earthquake Engineering

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Interdisciplinary Theory, Methods, and Approaches for Hazards and Disaster Research: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Interdisciplinary Theory, Methods, and Approaches for Hazards and Disaster Research: An Introduction to the Special Issue

Use of the Knowledge-Based System LOG-IDEAH to Assess Failure Modes of Masonry Buildings, Damaged by L'Aquila Earthquake in 2009

Earthquake Damage Data Collection Using Omnidirectional Imagery

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