The Frontal Lobes

Jouandet, Marc L.; Gazzaniga, Michael S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3944-1_2

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…One possible mechanism underlying the developmental changes observed for Stroop interference effects may be the protracted development of inhibitory processes of the frontal lobes (Diamond & Taylor, 1996;Jerger et al, 1988). This explanation is consistent with evidence from patients with frontal lobe lesions who display larger Stroop interference effects compared to normal adults (Jouandet & Gazzaniga, 1979). Given the parallels between the Stroop tasks and the current rhyming paradigm, it is possible that protracted development of frontal lobe mechanisms mediating inhibition also may have contributed to the findings of the present study.…”

Section: Effects Of Phonological/orthographic Congruency On Neural Prsupporting

confidence: 78%

Development of neural processes mediating rhyme judgments: Phonological and orthographic interactions

Weber‐Fox

Spencer

Cuadrado

et al. 2003

Developmental Psychobiology

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Development of neural processes underlying integration of phonological and orthographic information were assessed by measuring event-related brain potentials (ERPs), judgment accuracies and reaction times (RTs) in 20 children (9-10 years) and 20 adults performing visual rhyme judgments. Half the trials were phonologically and orthographically congruent across the prime-target pairs (e.g., thrown-own, cake-own), and half were incongruent (e.g., gown-own, cone-own). For both children and adults, behavioral performance was most affected when different phonological representations had to be encoded from similar orthographic representations (e.g., gown-own), and the amplitudes of the N350 reflected effects of both rhyme and phonological/orthographic congruency. Latencies of the N350 were shorter over the left hemisphere only in adults, and phonological/orthographic incongruence produced greater delays in children's processing. Therefore, it appears that neural systems mediating rhyming judgments develop early; however, adults exhibit increased efficiency for left-hemisphere processing and are less affected by interference from incongruent phonological and orthographic codes.

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Section: Effects Of Phonological/orthographic Congruency On Neural Prsupporting

confidence: 78%

Development of neural processes mediating rhyme judgments: Phonological and orthographic interactions

Weber‐Fox

Spencer

Cuadrado

et al. 2003

Developmental Psychobiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The dorsolateral frontal cortex has been described as coding the goal of a movement, or coding movement planning in terms of behavioral significance (Jouandet & Gazzaniga, 1979;Luria, 1980;Milner & Petrides, 1984;Shallice, 1982). Luria described a number of patients with damage to the frontal lobe making errors of behavioral goals, for example, a woman sweeping a hot stove with a broom, or putting pieces of string into a pot instead of pasta.…”

Section: Neural Separability Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning.

Willingham¹

1998

Psychological Review

711

531

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This article describes a neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning that is based on the idea that learning grows directly out of motor control processes. Three motor control processes may be tuned to specific tasks, thereby improving performance: selecting spatial targets for movement, sequencing these targets, and transforming them into muscle commands. These processes operate outside of awareness. A 4th, conscious process can improve performance in either of 2 ways: by selecting more effective goals of what should be changed in the environment or by selecting and sequencing spatial targets. The theory accounts for patterns of impairment of motor skill learning in patient populations and for learning-related changes in activity in functional imaging studies. It also makes a number of predictions about the purely cognitive, including accounts of mental practice, the representation of motor skill, and the interaction of conscious and unconscious processes in motor skill learning.

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“…Thus, humans with frontal lobe damage can show impairments in a number of tasks in which an alteration of behavioral strategy is required in response to a change in environmental reinforcement contingencies (Goodglass and Kaplan, 1979;Jouandet and Gazzaniga, 1979;Kolb and Whishaw, 1996). For example, Milner (1963) showed that in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (in which cards are sorted according to the color, shape, or number of items on each card depending on whether the examiner says "right" or "wrong" to each placement), frontal patients either had difficulty in determining the first sorting principle, or in shifting to a second principle when required to.…”

Section: Human Orbitofrontal Cortex Neuropsychologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of sensory systems in the orbitofrontal cortex in primates and brain design for emotion

Rolls

2004

Anat. Rec.

136

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In primates, stimuli to sensory systems influence motivational and emotional behavior via neural relays to the orbitofrontal cortex. This article reviews studies on the effects of stimuli from multiple sensory modalities on the brain of humans and some other higher primates. The primate orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented. It also contains the secondary and tertiary olfactory cortical areas, in which information about the identity and also about the reward value of odors is represented. A somatosensory input is revealed by neurons that respond to the viscosity of food in the mouth, to the texture (mouth feel) of fat in the mouth, and to the temperature of liquids placed into the mouth. The orbitofrontal cortex also receives information about the sight of objects from the temporal lobe cortical visual areas. Information about each of these modalities is represented separately by different neurons, but in addition, other neurons show convergence between different types of sensory input. This convergence occurs by associative learning between the visual or olfactory input and the taste. In that emotions can be defined as states elicited by reinforcers, the neurons that respond to primary reinforcers (such as taste and touch), as well as learn associations to visual and olfactory stimuli that become secondary reinforcers, provide a basis for understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotion. In complementary neuroimaging studies in humans, it is being found that areas of the orbitofrontal cortex are activated by pleasant touch, by painful touch, by taste, by smell, and by more abstract reinforcers such as winning or losing money. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex in humans can impair the learning and reversal of stimulus-reinforcement associations and thus the correction of behavioral responses when these are no longer appropriate because previous reinforcement contingencies change. It is striking that humans and other catarrhines, being visual specialists like other anthropoids, interface the visual system to other sensory systems (e.g., taste and smell) in the orbitofrontal cortex. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: emotion; orbitofrontal cortex; reward; reinforcement; taste; olfaction; vision; touch; reversal learning; face expression Despite being visual specialists, it is notable that anthropoid primates such as hominoids (e.g., humans) and Old World monkeys still have important stimuli from other sensory modalities. This review examines how sensory systems influence motivational and emotional behavior via neural relays to the orbitofrontal cortex.In primates, the prefrontal cortex is the part of the cortex that receives projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (with which it is reciprocally connected) and is situated in front of the motor and premotor cortices (areas 4 and 6) in the frontal lobe. Based on the divisions of the mediodorsal nucleus, the prefrontal cortex may be divided into three main ...

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The Frontal Lobes

Cited by 18 publications

References 52 publications

Development of neural processes mediating rhyme judgments: Phonological and orthographic interactions

Development of neural processes mediating rhyme judgments: Phonological and orthographic interactions

A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning.

Convergence of sensory systems in the orbitofrontal cortex in primates and brain design for emotion

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