The Frontal Cortex-Basal Ganglia System in Primates

Wise, Steven P.; Murray, Elisabeth A.; Gerfen, Charles R.

doi:10.1615/critrevneurobiol.v10.i3-4.30

Cited by 411 publications

(294 citation statements)

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“…A recent study suggests that posterior Broca's area subserves the manipulation of sequential information, independent of the type of information that is manipulated (Gelfand and Bookheimer, 2003). The basal ganglia have been implicated in similar functions, including context-dependent rule-based selection, and the maintenance in working memory of -and the real-time shifting between -sets, functions or programs Peigneux et al, 2000;Wise et al, 1996). Moreover, these basal-ganglia functions seem to be quite intimately related (Meck and Benson, 2002;Wise et al, 1996).…”

Section: Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intriguingly, the timing and rapid processing functions of the brain structures underlying the procedural system appear to be linked to other functions of this system. Thus it has been suggested that the real-time set shifting and sequence coordination roles of frontal cortex may depend upon timing functions subserved by this region (Knight and Grabowecky, 2000;Meck and Benson, 2002;Wise et al, 1996). Similarly, the basal ganglia's role in real-time motor control may be especially important for motor skills that involve precise timing (Penhune et al, 1998).…”

Section: Temporal Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basal ganglia are a set of highly interconnected subcortical structures, including the neostriatum, globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra (Cote and Crutcher, 1991;Wise et al, 1996). In primates, the neostriatum (also simply called the "striatum") is composed of two structures: the putamen and the caudate nucleus.…”

Section: The Procedural Memory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the cerebrum, the system depends especially on structures in the left hemisphere (De Renzi, 1989;Heilman et al, 1997;Schluter et al, 2001). Frontal/basal-ganglia circuits play a particularly important role in the system 7 (Eichenbaum and Cohen, 2001;Mishkin et al, 1984; Schacter and Tulving, 1994;Squire and Zola, 1996).The basal ganglia are a set of highly interconnected subcortical structures, including the neostriatum, globus pallidus, sub-thalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra (Cote and Crutcher, 1991;Wise et al, 1996). In primates, the neostriatum (also simply called the "striatum") is composed of two structures: the putamen and the caudate nucleus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these dissociations are somewhat complicated by the fact that certain brain structures underlying the procedural system also play specific roles related to declarative memory. Ventro-lateral pre-frontal cortex, which corresponds to the inferior frontal gyrus and BA 44, 45 and 47 (Damasio, 1995), underlies the encoding of new declarative memories and the selection or retrieval of declarative knowledge (Buckner, 2000;Buckner and Wheeler, 2001;Thompson-Schill et al, 1997;Wagner et al, 1998).Moreover, evidence suggests that portions of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are also involved in 12 selecting, retrieving or searching for declarative memories (Desmond and Fiez, 1998;Ivry and Fiez, 2000; Ullman, in press-a;Wise et al, 1996). Thus the DP model predicts that these structures should play analogous functional roles for lexical memory -namely, in the selection, retrieval or search for lexical knowledge (Ullman, in press-a).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Specific Language Impairment is not Specific to Language: the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis

Ullman

Pierpont

2005

Cortex

694

751

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Specific Language Impairment (SLI) has been explained by two broad classes of hypotheses, which posit either a deficit specific to grammar, or a non-linguistic processing impairment. Here we advance an alternative perspective. According to the Procedural Deficit Hypothesis (PDH), SLI can be largely explained by the abnormal development of brain structures that constitute the procedural memory system. This system, which is composed of a network of inter-connected structures rooted in frontal/basal-ganglia circuits, subserves the learning and execution of motor and cognitive skills.Crucially, recent evidence also implicates this system in important aspects of grammar. The PDH posits that a significant proportion of individuals with SLI suffer from abnormalities of this brain network, leading to impairments of the linguistic and non-linguistic functions that depend on it. In contrast, functions such as lexical and declarative memory, which depend on other brain structures, are expected to remain largely spared. Evidence from an in-depth retrospective examination of the literature is presented. It is argued that the data support the predictions of the PDH, and particularly implicate Broca's area within frontal cortex, and the caudate nucleus within the basal ganglia. Finally, broader implications are discussed, and predictions for future research are presented. It is argued that the PDH forms the basis of a novel and potentially productive perspective on SLI. INTRODUCTIONSpecific Language Impairment (SLI) is generally defined as a developmental disorder of language in the absence of frank neurological damage, hearing deficits, severe environmental deprivation, or mental retardation (for diagnostic definitions and prevalence of SLI, see Bishop, 1992;Leonard, 1998;Tomblin et al., 1997). Other terms have also been used to label such children, including developmental dysphasia, language impairment, language learning disability, developmental language disorder, delayed speech and deviant language (Leonard, 1998;Ahmed et al., 2001). Several factors have complicated attempts to provide a unified theory of SLI, or even of subgroups of SLI. First, despite the standard use of exclusionary criteria to diagnose SLI, the disorder is clearly not limited to language.Rather the linguistic impairments co-occur with a number of non-linguistic deficits, including impairments of motor skills and working memory, and with other disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Hill, 2001;Leonard, 1998;Tirosh and Cohen, 1998). Second, even though SLI must be a consequence of some sort of neural dysfunction, the neural correlates of the disorder have been largely ignored. This potentially valuable information could provide important constraints on explanatory accounts of the disorder. Third, SLI is a classification that is quite heterogeneous (Leonard, 1998;Stromswold, 2000). Surveys document variation within and across subgroups in the particular aspects of language that are affected and in the types of co-occurring no...

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Section: Working Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Temporal Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Procedural Memory Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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