The Frontal Assessment Battery 20 years later: normative data for a shortened version (FAB15)

Ilardi, Ciro Rosario; Chieffi, Sergio; Scuotto, Chiara; Gamboz, Nadia; Galeone, Filomena; Sannino, Maria; Garofalo, Elisabetta; Marra, Marco La; Ronga, Bruno; Iavarone, Alessandro

doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05544-0

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Eight subjects were excluded due to a large number of missing values; moreover, 15 univariate outliers, i.e., subjects obtaining z -scores equal to, or greater than, 3 in absolute value were removed [ 51 ]. Descriptive statistics expressed as mean and standard deviation on a total of 177 participants (131 females; M age = 24.34, SD = 2.78, age range = 20–39; M years of schooling based on the degree awarded = 14.39, SD = 1.50, education range = 13–16) were computed for each variable under examination (see Table 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories

et al. 2021

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The exposure to relevant social and/or historical events can increase the generation of false memories (FMs). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a calamity challenging health, political, and journalistic bodies, with media generating confusion that has facilitated the spread of fake news. In this respect, our study aims at investigating the relationships between memories (true memories, TMs vs. FMs) for COVID-19-related news and different individual variables (i.e., use of traditional and social media, COVID-19 perceived and objective knowledge, fear of the disease, depression and anxiety symptoms, reasoning skills, and coping mechanisms). One hundred and seventy-one university students (131 females) were surveyed. Overall, our results suggested that depression and anxiety symptoms, reasoning skills, and coping mechanisms did not affect the formation of FMs. Conversely, the fear of loved ones contracting the infection was found to be negatively associated with FMs. This finding might be due to an empathy/prosociality-based positive bias boosting memory abilities, also explained by the young age of participants. Furthermore, objective knowledge (i) predicted an increase in TMs and decrease in FMs and (ii) significantly mediated the relationships between the use of social media and development of both TMs and FMs. In particular, higher levels of objective knowledge strengthened the formation of TMs and decreased the development of FMs following use of social media. These results may lead to reconsidering the idea of social media as the main source of fake news. This claim is further supported by either the lack of substantial differences between the use of traditional and social media among participants reporting FMs or the positive association between use of social media and levels of objective knowledge. The knowledge about the topic rather than the type of source would make a difference in the process of memory formation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories

et al. 2021

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“…Finally, gender differences in cognitive performance have often been reported. As for EFs, the interaction between sex, brain circuits, education, and occupational levels may explain the superiority of men in some executive tasks, e.g., planning and inhibition, and why women instead outperform men in tests exploring other executive domains such as verbal fluency (see [ 19 ] for an overview of the matter).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Frontal Assessment Battery–15 (FAB15) [ 19 ]. The FAB15 is a short neuropsychological screening battery providing a quick, valid and reliable estimate of general executive functioning.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Executive functions (EFs) are generally considered as higher cognitive processes that enable forethought and goal-directed actions [ 15 ]. They involve different domains (e.g., attention, processing speed, set-shifting, inhibitory control, working memory, concept formation, problem solving) [ 15 , 16 , 17 ] primarily mediated by neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [ 18 , 19 ]. These domains support goal-directed behaviors [ 20 ] and are recruited in situations requiring adaptation to cope with environmental demands in unfamiliar or conflicting contexts [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Executive Functions in Overweight and Obese Treatment-Seeking Patients: Cross-Sectional Data and Longitudinal Perspectives

et al. 2022

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Background: Recent evidence suggests that a higher body weight may be linked to cognitive impairment in different domains involving executive/frontal functioning. However, challenging results are also available. Accordingly, our study was designed to verify whether (i) poor executive functions are related to a higher body weight and (ii) executive functioning could contribute to weight loss in treatment-seeking overweight and obese patients. Methods: We examined general executive functioning, inhibitory control, verbal fluency, and psychomotor speed in a sample including 104 overweight and obese patients. Forty-eight normal-weight subjects participated in the study as controls. Results: Univariate Analysis of Variance showed that obese patients obtained lower scores than overweight and normal-weight subjects in all executive measures, except for errors in the Stroop test. However, when sociodemographic variables entered the model as covariates, no between-group difference was detected. Furthermore, an adjusted multiple linear regression model highlighted no relationship between weight loss and executive scores at baseline. Conclusions: Our results provide further evidence for the lack of association between obesity and the executive domains investigated. Conflicting findings from previous literature may likely be due to the unchecked confounding effects exerted by sociodemographic variables and inclusion/exclusion criteria.

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“…However, these findings should not lead practitioners to aprioristically equate ceiling effects/low informativity to clinical uselessness. Indeed, cognitive measures showing ceiling effects in healthy individuals might not necessarily behave the same when applied to patients [ 21 ]. For instance, a given patient failing 2 out of 3 immediate recall items will be undoubtedly judged as more impaired than another scoring the maximum, even though this subset of items shows near-zero variability and markedly goes to ceiling in unimpaired individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Italian telephone-based Mini-Mental State Examination (Itel-MMSE): item-level psychometric properties

et al. 2022

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Background The Italian telephone-based Mini-Mental State Examination (Itel-MMSE), despite being psychometrically sound, has shown relevant ceiling effects, which may negatively impact the interpretation of its scores. In address to overcome such an issue, this study aimed at providing item-level insights on the Itel-MMSE through Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses. Methods Five-hundred and sixty-seven healthy Italian adults (227 males, 340 females; mean age: 51 ± 17 years, range 18–96; mean education: 13.31 ± 4.3 years). A two-parameter logistic IRT model was implemented to assess item discrimination and difficulty of the Itel-MMSE. Construct unidimensionality, statistical independence of items, and model and item fit were tested. Informativity levels were also assessed graphically. Results With respect to the Itel-MMSE total score, ceiling effects were found in 92.7% of participants. Unidimensionality was violated; both model and item fit were poor; a few items showed statistical dependence. Both the whole test and its items proved to be scarcely informative, especially for medium-to-high levels of ability, except for attention and spatial orientation subtests, which consistently yielded the highest discriminative capability. Discussion The Itel-MMSE appears to be most informative in low-performing healthy individuals. However, the present findings should not lead practitioners to aprioristically equate ceiling effects/low informativity to clinical uselessness. Items assessing attention and, to a lesser extent, spatial orientation appear to be the most informative. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40520-021-02041-4.

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The Frontal Assessment Battery 20 years later: normative data for a shortened version (FAB15)

Cited by 26 publications

References 63 publications

Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories

Objective Knowledge Mediates the Relationship between the Use of Social Media and COVID-19-Related False Memories

Executive Functions in Overweight and Obese Treatment-Seeking Patients: Cross-Sectional Data and Longitudinal Perspectives

Italian telephone-based Mini-Mental State Examination (Itel-MMSE): item-level psychometric properties

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