The Friction Blister

Akers, William A.; Sulzberger, Marion B.

doi:10.1093/milmed/137.1.1

Cited by 52 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Blisters can cause extreme discomfort, prevent service members from completing marches, and lead to many days of limited activity. 131,141,142 If they are not properly managed, especially in field conditions, they can progress to more serious problems, such as cellulitis or sepsis. 141,143 Heavy loads increase blister incidence, 109,137,144 possibly by increasing pressure on the skin and causing more movement of the foot inside the boot through higher propulsive and breaking forces.…”

Section: Foot Blistersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…131,141,142 If they are not properly managed, especially in field conditions, they can progress to more serious problems, such as cellulitis or sepsis. 141,143 Heavy loads increase blister incidence, 109,137,144 possibly by increasing pressure on the skin and causing more movement of the foot inside the boot through higher propulsive and breaking forces. 49,145 Rifle carriage alone has minor effects on maximal breaking and propulsive forces.…”

Section: Foot Blistersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Load Carriage in Military Operations: A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects

Knapik¹,

Reynolds²

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

EXHIBIT 11-1 HEAVY LOADS IN MILITARY HISTORY Omaha Beach, France (1944) "In the initial assault waves at Omaha Beachhead there were companies whose men started ashore, each with four cartons of cigarettes in his pack-as if the object of the operation was trading with the French. Some never made the shore because of the cigarettes. They dropped into deep holes during the wade-in, or fell into the tide nicked by a bullet. Then they soaked up so much weight they could not rise again. They drowned. Some were carried out to sea but the great number were cast up on the beach. It impressed the survivors unforgettably-that line of dead men along the sand, many of whom had received but trifling wounds.. .. No one can say with authority whether more men died directly from enemy fire than perished because of the excess weight that made them easy victims of the water.. .. This almost cost us the beachhead. Since it is the same kind of mistake that armies and their commanders have been making for centuries, there is every reason to believe it will happen again." (1) Grenada (1986) "Unfortunately too few commanders enforced load discipline. Consider this soldier's observation: 'We attacked to secure the airhead. We were like slow moving turtles. My rucksack weighed 120 pounds. I would get up and rush for 10 yards, throw myself down and couldn't get up. I'd rest for 10 or 15 minutes, struggle to get up, go 10 more yards, and collapse. After a few rushes, I was physically unable to move and I am in great shape. Finally, after I got to the assembly area, I shucked my rucksack and was able to fight, but I was totally drained.' Consider another soldier's telling comment: 'I was scared I was going to get killed because I couldn't really run with that rucksack on.' Even allowing for some exaggeration by the soldiers, no one can doubt they were overloaded." (2) Saudi Arabia and Iraq (1990) "During Operation Desert Shield, a brigade conducted a live fire training assault to seize a bridge. The brigade commander noticed that the equipment the soldiers were carrying was interfering with the mission. At the after action review he directed the battalion commanders to investigate the weight the soldiers carried in their battalions. At the brief back one commander indicated that the average soldier in his battalion carried more than 100 pounds. At Christmas 1990 the 2d Brigade, 82d Airborne Division was conducting training far to the South of the front. During this relatively peaceful time, and especially as a result of the holiday, the soldiers had accumulated many items they could not take into combat. When the order came for the brigade to spearhead the French 6th Light Armored Division's attack into Iraq, the chain of command took steps to care for the soldier's personal effects and excess baggage. They made a list of what a soldier would carry on his person (fighting load), what he would carry in his rucksack (approach march load), what he would carry in his A-bag (sustainment load), and what would go in his B-bag (contingency load). It...

show abstract

Section: Foot Blistersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Foot Blistersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load Carriage in Military Operations: A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects

Knapik¹,

Reynolds²

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a survey of lower-limb amputees (N = 90), Hagberg and Brånemark found that heat and perspiration inside the prosthetic socket were the most common causes for reporting a reduced quality of life (72%) [1]. Based on evidence that suggests blisters form more quickly under warm and moist conditions, heat buildup and an accompanying rise in skin temperature may increase the potential for skin problems [2][3][4]. Unfortunately for amputees, the closed environment of the residual limb and socket system creates both warm and moist conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residual-limb skin temperature in transtibial sockets

Peery

Ledoux²,

Klute³

2005

JRRD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The insulated environment of the lower-limb prosthesis can result in elevated residual-limb skin temperatures that may contribute to skin irritation, blistering, and a reduced quality of life. The design and materials of the prosthetic socket, suspension system, and liner can potentially alleviate these conditions, but the thermal load may vary with activity and location within the socket. To characterize the thermal environment at the skin-prosthesis interface, we made temperature measurements on five transtibial amputees at 14 locations on the residual limbs. After the participants donned their prosthesis and rested in the seated position for 15 min, the mean skin temperatures of their residual limbs increased by 0.8 degrees Celcius. Subsequent walking for 10 min resulted in a 1.7 degrees Celsius total increase in mean skin temperature. Thermal contour maps revealed the skin was coolest at the anterior proximal location and warmest across the posterior section, correlating with areas of low and high perfusion. From the results, we determined that residual-limb skin temperature depends on activity and locality. This information may aid in understanding where and why skin problems develop on lower-limb residual limbs and may provide design requirements for new prosthetic socket systems intended to alleviate temperature-related discomfort.

show abstract

“…Considering their functional impact, it is surprising that little systematic research has been conducted into their causation. As the name implies they are generally caused by friction (Akers and Sulzberger 1972) resulting from a poor fit of the foot in the boot. Various preventative measures have been studied, but the best would still seem to be to ensure correct fit and adequate breaking-in.…”

Section: Trauma Induced By Footwearmentioning

confidence: 99%

The design and function of military footwear: a review following experiences in the South Atlantic∗

Howard

Oakley

1984

Ergonomics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is clear from experience in the Falklands that many of the longstanding problems associated with military footwear design remain unsolved. This review examines the aspects of design in relation t o function and elucidates the many conflicting requirements of ideal boot design. Mobility, protection, insulation, waterproofing, vapour permeability, durability, weight, fit and supply, for instance, make contrasting demands upon the design of boots. Furthermore, failure to solve those conflicts, it is suggested, resulted in many non-freezing cold injuries in the South Atlantic and frequently leads to other injuries, including frostbite, when present boot designs are tested in action.An attempt is made to reconcile these and other criteria with the suggestion of a modular infantry 'footwear package' consisting of an inner and a number of different middle and outer boots.

show abstract

The Friction Blister

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Load Carriage in Military Operations: A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects

Load Carriage in Military Operations: A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects

Residual-limb skin temperature in transtibial sockets

The design and function of military footwear: a review following experiences in the South Atlantic∗

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About