The Framing Years: Policy Fundamentals in the Internet Design Process, 1969–1979

Braman, Sandra

doi:10.1080/01972243.2011.607027

Cited by 37 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Globalization has produced 'interpenetrated' jurisdictions, social processes and public spheres that no longer map onto each other, making it difficult to determine just where effective political activity can take place (Braman 1996). For citizens, national-level political action may not be sufficient when it comes to engaging actual loci of decision-making that may be international or global, take place at another level of the domestic social structure and/or be driven by decision-making of another political entity of like kind but other (Braithwaite and Drahos 2000;Randeira 2007).…”

Section: The Evolution Of Citizenshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The geopolitical vs. the network political: Internet designers and governance

Braman¹

2013

International Journal of Media &Amp; Cultural Politics

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The geopolitical vs. the network political: Internet designers and governance aBsTracTWith the recognition that communication networks in general and the Internet in particular are not only infrastructural but socio-technical in nature comes the responsibility to think such networks through from the perspective of how they influence -and/or are -forms of power and governance. The notion of citizenship is one that appears relative to both social and technical systems, and thus at their conjuncture, because it is the concept through which the rights and responsibilities of individuals relative to governance are refracted. It was in fact the case that citizenship was a concern for those responsible for technical design of the Internet as that history both unfolded through and is recorded in the technical document series known as the Internet Requests for Comments, or RFCs. This paper analyzes the two types of citizenship of concern from the perspective of Internet design -geopolitical (oriented around the state) and network political (oriented around the network) -and interactions between the two as they were discussed within and affected the Internet design process. These network-inspired ideas about citizenship in turn contribute to the ongoing discussion about the evolution of new forms of citizenship in today's environment, including in particular those that are global and/or technological in nature.

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Section: The Evolution Of Citizenshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The geopolitical vs. the network political: Internet designers and governance

Braman¹

2013

International Journal of Media &Amp; Cultural Politics

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“…As discussed in more detail elsewhere (Braman, 2011b), daemons are considered to be at a 'higher level' than humans (RFC 172). Humans are often treated with disdain, accommodated only grudgingly, and designers often show sheer astonishment at the things that matter to humans as opposed to computers or networks.…”

Section: Geopolitical Vs Network Political Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Internationalization of the Internet by design: The first decade

Braman

2012

Global Media and Communication

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The successes and failures of Internet Internationalization reveal struggles between two systems: the network political (oriented around the machinic) and the geopolitical (oriented around the social). The frames through which this conflict are understood, and the technical decisions that enacted such frames, were put in place during the first decade of the network design process, 1969-79. Analysis of the technical document series that records the history of that process provides evidence of internationalization processes that include extension of the network outside of the United States, international participation in the design conversation, the influence of international organizations and associations, support for internationalization in the design criteria that serve as policy principles, and attention to issues raised by internationalization within the course of technical decision-making.

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“…We believe in rough consensus and running code' (see http://www.ietf.org/tao.html). This quote illustrates that the pioneers of Internet architecture were designing not just a computer network, but also means by which this network would be run, managed, and regulated (also see Braman, 2010Braman, , 2011. Unpacking the history of institutions that govern information systems and the processes that lead to the establishment of these institutions is an important aspect of understanding both the history and the modern state of the information system itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Making of Institutions of Information Governance: The Case of the Internet Governance Forum

Epstein

2013

Journal of Information Technology

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Histories of information systems are inseparable from the histories of their governance. In the case ofthe Internet, governance structures informally developed during its early design were substantially different from the typical mechanisms resulting from public policy decisionmaking. Traditionally, global information systems, such as telecommunication systems, v\/ere governed through state-centrio mechanisms that would set treaty-based framework for non-state actors to operate within. Legitimate participation in these traditional governance structures was the prerogative of states that possessed sole decision-making authority. In the case of the Internet, non-state-actor-driven governance frameworks were developed outside of those traditional mechanisms. They relied on a different conception of legitimacy and authority. This paper discusses how the state and non-state actors were forced to cooperate around the creation of institutions that could accommodate the variety of views on authority, legitimacy, and decision-making processes in Internet governance. It tracks the creation of the Internet Governance Forum as a case where notions of legitimacy and authority were redefined for policy deliberations of complex information systems. The paper concludes with whether those changes lead to the emergence of new institutions that contribute tp the sustainability of the network by enabling coexistence of competing political interests and values; and what this could mean for the future of the network.

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The Framing Years: Policy Fundamentals in the Internet Design Process, 1969–1979

Cited by 37 publications

References 17 publications

The geopolitical vs. the network political: Internet designers and governance

The geopolitical vs. the network political: Internet designers and governance

Internationalization of the Internet by design: The first decade

The Making of Institutions of Information Governance: The Case of the Internet Governance Forum

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