The frames behind the games: Player's perceptions of prisoners dilemma, chicken, dictator, and ultimatum games

Butler, David; Burbank, Victoria K.; Chisholm, James S.

doi:10.1016/j.socec.2010.12.009

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, in a Game of Chicken, contrary to what happens in most social dilemma games , the risky strategy is not to cooperate but to deviate, which implies that risk averse people should cooperate (Butler et al ., 2011; see also footnote 5). So, in that game , women should actually be more inclined to cooperate than men when strategic risk is at play, both because of their initial stronger disposition for cooperation and because of their higher level of risk aversion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Game of Chicken thus appears to be a realistic description of strategic interactions, and it is particularly suitable for describing relations between individuals, firms, institutions, social groups, political parties, and countries 4 . Besides, due to its payoff structure, the Game of Chicken looks more appropriate than the PDG for capturing the decision maker's intrinsic propensity to cooperate (see Butler et al ., 2011, pp. 1104–5, for a nice review), and thus for studying cooperative vs. defective behaviour (Thaler and Camerer, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But the pilot experiment showed us that it was not the case. Moreover, the main risk was that the subjects behave as if they were faced with a computer or a completely anonymous partner, inducing them not to activate the brain's reward circuitry underlying social preferences (Rilling et al ., 2002; Butler et al ., 2011), and to under‐cooperate. But the high level of cooperation observed in the experiment shows that the subjects did actually consider that they were playing with a real partner when making their decisions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cooperation: The Power of a Single Word? Some Experimental Evidence on Wording and Gender Effects in a Game of Chicken

Cabon-Dhersin¹,

Etchart-Vincent²

2012

Bulletin of Econ Res

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Framing has been widely shown to affect decision making. In this paper, we investigate experimentally whether, and to what extent, cooperative behaviour in a Game of Chicken may be impacted by a very basic change in the labelling of the strategies. Our within-subject experimental design involves two treatments. The only difference between them is that we introduce either a socially-oriented wording (I cooperate/I do not cooperate) or colours (red/blue) to designate strategies. The level of cooperation appears to be higher in the socially-oriented context, but only when uncertainty as regards the type of the partner is manipulated, and especially among females. . We thank Tim Cason as well as two anonymous referees for their insightful comments and suggestions.1 From a normative point of view, only the 'deep structure' of the decision problem should influence decision making. 43 44 Bulletin of Economic Research et al., 2011); and (ii) 'label' framing, which consists in manipulating the game's title, the game's characterization, the labelling of players' strategies or type of player, and so on (see, for instance, Rege and Telle, 2004;Zhong et al., 2007;Dufwenberg et al., 2011). In this paper, we are interested in how a change in the labelling of the strategies is likely to affect cooperative behaviour.To avoid confounding framing effects and better control the data, interactive decision making has often been investigated using context-free experimental designs that 'typically remove informational cues that might provide richer meaning to the game' (Zhong et al., 2007, p. 432). In particular, defective/cooperative strategies are usually designated using a neutral wording, using such labels as 'A and B; C and D; X and Y; red, blue, yellow, or white; up and down; or left and right ' (pp. 433-4).On the other hand, real life usually involves explicit decision settings, which may impair the external validity of data collected using a context-free experimental design. A number of experimental studies have investigated the influence of 'valence' and 'label' framing on cooperative behaviour, be it by comparing behaviour in a context-free setting with behaviour in a context-rich setting, or by comparing behaviour in different context-rich settings (for example, depending on whether the focus is made on either cooperation or competition, sharing money or earning money for oneself, and so on). Most of the time, the level of cooperation appears to be higher when frame manipulation is intended to put the subjects in a socially-oriented mood.Decision making in interactive settings in general, and especially cooperative behaviour, has also been shown to be gender-dependent, even though the direction of the evidence remains unclear. 2 However, even though men may exhibit a more cooperative (or contributive) behaviour than women (e.g., Schwieren and Sutter, 2008), the opposite pattern seems to be more frequent (e.g., Gächter et al., 2004; see also Eckel andGrossman, 2008a andCroson andGneezy, 2009 for comprehensive reviews).Severa...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Cooperation: The Power of a Single Word? Some Experimental Evidence on Wording and Gender Effects in a Game of Chicken

Cabon-Dhersin¹,

Etchart-Vincent²

2012

Bulletin of Econ Res

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“…There has been surprisingly little work on how people think about the games they play (but see Butler, Burbank, & Chisholm, 2011). Experimentalists put significant effort into making sure that players correctly understand the structure of the game before making a decision (e.g.…”

Section: Framing Effects Via Situation Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Playing a Different Game: Situation Perception Mediates Framing Effects on Cooperative Behaviour

Columbus¹,

Münich²,

Gerpott³

2017

Preprint

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Context frames such as describing a Prisoner’s Dilemma as a “community” or a “stock exchange” game cause significant variation in cooperative behaviour. Here, we draw on recent advances in research on situation construal to propose that perceived conflict of interests is a mechanism underlying framing effects on cooperation in experimental games. Specifically, we argue that people readily think about situations in terms of conflicts of interests, and how people perceive the conflict of interests in different games predicts differences in cooperation across these games. In a formal model, we show that variation in perceived conflict of interests can affect cooperative decisions even when first-order beliefs and social preferences are static. We test this model across two studies (total N = 1,615). In each study, we elicited situation perceptions and beliefs about others’ behaviour in a framed game. The basic framing effect replicated in a dichotomous-choice Prisoner’s Dilemma (study 1), but not in a continuous-choice Prisoner’s Dilemma (study 2). Perceptions of conflict of interests mediated between framing and cooperative behaviour, whereas beliefs and preferences did not. Exploratorily, perceptions of conflict of interests had a causal effect on cooperative behaviour when induced orthogonally to the frame. This study provides evidence for perceptions of conflict of interests as a mechanism underlying framing effects and integrates framing effects with the wider literature on situation perception. Moreover, it supports a causal role of situation perception in social decision-making. However, the results also call into question the generalisability of framing effects.

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“…Ownership feelings and "self-identity" may be tied up with physical objects but also with facets of employment where a person strongly identifies with a particular profession (Pierce et al 2004). Importantly, feelings of ownership are not limited to private goods but can apply to collective goods, for instance, to landscapes or entire ecosystems (e.g., Butler et al 2011). …”

Section: How Environmental Stewardship Arises At the Individual Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual transferable quota contribution to environmental stewardship: a theory in need of validation

Putten¹,

Boschetti²,

Fulton³

et al. 2014

E&S

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The frames behind the games: Player's perceptions of prisoners dilemma, chicken, dictator, and ultimatum games

Cited by 24 publications

References 37 publications

Cooperation: The Power of a Single Word? Some Experimental Evidence on Wording and Gender Effects in a Game of Chicken

Cooperation: The Power of a Single Word? Some Experimental Evidence on Wording and Gender Effects in a Game of Chicken

Playing a Different Game: Situation Perception Mediates Framing Effects on Cooperative Behaviour

Individual transferable quota contribution to environmental stewardship: a theory in need of validation

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