“…Recent books on soil plasticity and modelling include Hashiguchi and Yamakawa (2013), Meier et al (2010), Nakai (2012), Negahban (2012), Pietruszczak (2010), Puzrin (2012), Yang et al (2013), and others. However, there is also a shift in the focus of much modern research, from continuum mechanics to particle mechanics (Bolton, 2000;Cundall, 2001;McDowell et al, 2011;Mesarovic et al, 2012;Seyedi Hosseininia, 2013).…”