“…Table 1 Selected crowdsourcing projects classified by service and innovation purpose Furthermore, from our review, crowdsourcing and its outcomes vary in terms of who, why, how, and what, thus this paper adopts a simple framework, displayed in figure 1, elaborating on these key components by focusing on crowds, motivation, process design, and outcomes. These categories are developed through reviewing extant frameworks and review articles on crowdsourcing in different fields (e.g., Albors, Ramos, and Hervas 2008; Malone, Laubacher, and Dellarocas 2010;Brabham, 2013;Hosseini et al 2014). This framework provides a structure for exploring the existing research about crowdsourcing across disciplines but is not intended to convey relationships and direction among the categories.…”