The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview

Abstract

Serpulids are an important component of fouling communities. This paper provides an overview of the serpulid species found in North America, as part of a broader study of fouling invertebrates focused on NIS (non-indigenous species) in United States coastal ecosystems. Almost 4400 serpulid specimens were examined from selected fouling plates. Fouling plates were deployed in 26 bays and coastal lagoons along the continental coasts of the United States and Hawaiian islands, primarily in bays and lagoons with salinities averaging 20‰ or greater. Twenty-five serpulid species were identified, including four new records for the United States (Ficopomatus uschakovi, Hydroides cf. brachyacantha, H. longispinosa and Protula longiseta), three known NIS, two presumed NIS, three cryptogenic serpulids, and several range extensions. Crucigera websteri extends its northward range from Santa Barbara Island to Humboldt Bay, California; Ficopomatus enigmaticus, first recorded in North America from San Francisco, California in 1920, Rockport, Texas in 1952 and Barnegat Bay, New Jersey in 1980, is now recorded at additional localities on the east coast (Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, Charleston, South Carolina and Indian River, Florida) and the northern Gulf of Mexico (Galveston Bay, Texas); F. miamiensis extends its westward range from Louisiana to Texas; F. uschakovi, an Indo-Pacific and Western African species, was recorded formally for the first time from the northern Gulf of Mexico (Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi, Texas) and the east coast of Florida (Jacksonville). Hydroides cf. brachyacantha extends its northward range from Curaҫao to Pensacola Bay, Florida; H. dirampha from Veracruz, Mexico to Corpus Christi, Texas; H. floridana extends its westward range from Louisiana to Texas; H. gracilis extends its northward range from Pacific Grove to San Francisco, California; Salmacina huxleyi from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Rhode Island; and Spirobranchus minutus from Veracruz, Mexico to Pensacola Bay, Florida. The following additional species range extensions are provisional in that they represent only one record or were not found in the most recent surveys (e.g., Hydroides elegans - east coast): H. longispinosa from Marshall Islands to Oahu, Hawaii; Protula balboensis from Florida to Texas; P. longiseta from the Mexican Caribbean to the Indian River, Florida; H. elegans from San Francisco to Humboldt Bay, northern California and on the east coast from the Indian River, Florida, to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Among surveyed bays, Biscayne Bay, Florida and Corpus Christi, Texas (northern Gulf of Mexico) had the greatest number of species (14 and 8, respectively); in contrast, almost all sites in Alaska, Washington, Oregon (northwest Pacific), Rhode Island, Virginia and South Carolina (Atlantic) had only one or two species each. Hydroides dianthus was, by far, the most abundant serpulid species on fouling plates in the northern Gulf of Mexico and the east coast, while Pseudochitinopoma occidentalis was the most abundant serpulid detected on the west coast. For each species recorded herein, we include the synonyms and some key references, a material studied section, a diagnosis, and updated distributional information. A checklist and identification key to the known shallow-water serpulids sensu stricto of the United States are included.

Massive Aggregations of Serpulidae Associated With Eutrophication of the Mar Menor, Southeast Iberian Peninsula

“…In Europe, however, its distribution occurs only in ports and lagoons or immediately adjacent areas (Bastida-Zavala and Ten Hove, 2003b). It is found both in estuaries temperate and subtropical, and does not seem to have the temperature restrictions of other species of the genus Hydroides (Bastida-Zavala et al, 2017). The species have a threshold of tolerance to salinity between 28 and 50 psu, and a temperature range between 5 and 30 • C (Zibrowius, 1971), and it presents a rapid growth during the hottest summer periods (Bastida-Zavala and Ten Hove, 2002).…”

“…The true origin of its geographical distribution is unknown, so it is impossible to classify it as a native species of a territory. Both species, H. elegans and H. dianthus, are considered to be cryptogenic (Bastida-Zavala et al, 2017). Hydroides elegans has spread in subtropical and temperate waters around the world through transport by ship.…”

Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key

“…et al: Morphological Similarities and dispersion of serpulids in Southwest Atlantic Pap. Avulsos Zool., 2020;v.60: e20206005 7/15 et al, 2009); East Atlantic Ocean: Gulf of Guinea (Dauvin et al, 2003;Read, 2018a); West Atlantic Ocean, United States: Cobscook Bay (Trott, 2004); Gulf of Maine (Otani & Yamanishi, 2010;Link et al, 2009); Massachusetts (Marchini et al, 2015;Corriero et al, 2016); Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; Jacksonville, Indian River, Biscayne Bay, Tampa Bay and Pensacola Bay, Florida; and Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi, Texas (Bastida-Zavala et al, 2017); Mexican Caribbean (Read, 2018a); West Atlantic Ocean: Cabo Frio, Brazil (Sun et al, 2017), Sepetiba Bay (current work).…”

“…These polychaetes are encrusting organisms that colonise both natural (e.g., algae, shells, and corals) and artificial substrates (e.g., boat hulls, piers, floats, pillars, and solid residues) (Kiessling et al, 2015;Bastida-Zavala et al, 2017;Gündoğdu et al, 2017;Gracia et al, 2018). Their notable ability to attach themselves to many types of substrates and different surfaces, even moving objects such as ship hulls and floats, contributes to their passive transportation from one locality to another, with this colonisation ability perhaps responsible for their global invasiveness.…”

Ocean acidification affects calcareous tube growth in adult stage and reared offspring of serpulid polychaetes

“…They live in varied marine habitats and are economically relevant as one of the most significant groups of marine fouling invertebrates. For example, many have undesirable effects such as clogging of seawater intake pipes and fouling of ship hulls (Bastida-Zavala et al, 2017;Hoagland and Turner, 1980). Many serpulids are epiphytes on marine plants or live attached to rocks and shells and a few species aggregate to form calcified reefs (Kupriyanova et al, 2001;Smith et al, 2005).…”