The Formation of Visual Conditioned Reflexes and their Differentiation in Infants

Kasatkin, N. I.; Levikova, A. M.

doi:10.1080/00221309.1935.9920113

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…It seems most probable, however, that at first receptor-released acts do not make any reducedcue learning or conditioning of responses possible. The first sure evidence concerning the formation of conditioned responses now points to such a change as taking place in early post-natal life, as the studies of Mateer (41), Krasnogorsky (37,38), Bekhterev (7), D. P. Marquis (40), Aldrich (3), and of Kasatkin and Levikova (35,36) indicate. 20 It is not demonstrated that conditioning may not occur in the fetal period.…”

Section: Part IImentioning

confidence: 99%

A re-evaluation of the concepts of maturation and learning as applied to the early development of behavior.

Carmichael¹

1936

Psychological Review

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An analysis of the relationship between external stimulation and inner growth in the development of behavior, particularly during the fetal and neonatal periods. Part I discusses the relation between organism and environment in the development of the special mechanisms for stimulus-released behavior. Part II deals with the contrast between responses released by internal and external environments––the role of motives in adaptive behavior. Part III suggests a tentative operational definition of both maturation and learning based on observed alteration of behavior in time. Since the changes due to so-called inner growth processes, i.e. maturation, are physiologically so like those from externally stimulated activity, i.e. learning, the two terms maturation and learning can be discarded in favor of a single description derived from empirical curves representing measured changes of behavior in time.

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Section: Part IImentioning

confidence: 99%

A re-evaluation of the concepts of maturation and learning as applied to the early development of behavior.

Carmichael¹

1936

Psychological Review

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“…Marineeco and Kreindler (1933), employing electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus and visual and auditory as the conditioning stimuli, did not establish any CR's during the neonatal period. Kasatkin (1935) and Kasatkin and Levikova (1935a, 19356) did not succeed in conditioning sucking or feeding responses to auditory or to visual stimuli in newborn infants. When CR's did appear at a later time the auditory preceded the visual.…”

Section: Learningmentioning

confidence: 94%

The neonate.

Pratt¹

Manual of Child Psychology.

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Infant Cognition

Rovee‐Collier

Barr

2002

Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology

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This chapter reviews the various methods that researchers have used to study infant cognition from birth through 2 years of age. Most of these methods can also be adapted to the study of infant perception. The authors have emphasized research methods that have been applied to classic experimental problems, including habituation, classical and operant conditioning, detour learning, concept formation, categorization, spatial learning, serial‐list learning, and memory processing. Some of the well‐developed methods that have been applied to a particularly wide range of problems are highlighted. In the learning section, for example, the authors have detailed the basic features of habituation and conditioning phenomena; later in the chapter, they describe how habituation and conditioning procedures have been used as tools to study other cognitive phenomena in infants. The chapter also includes descriptions of some of the methods that have been developed to study special problems in early cognition, such as infants' object representations (individuation, segmentation), their understanding of number and causality, and their attentional processes in visual search tasks. Finally, the chapter considers problems commonly encountered in infant research as well as some of the practices that can lead to ambiguous results and erroneous conclusions.

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The Formation of Visual Conditioned Reflexes and their Differentiation in Infants

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

A re-evaluation of the concepts of maturation and learning as applied to the early development of behavior.

A re-evaluation of the concepts of maturation and learning as applied to the early development of behavior.

The neonate.

Infant Cognition

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