The formation of friction blisters on the foot: the development of a laboratory‐based blister creation model

Hashmi, Farina; Richards, Barry; Forghany, Saeed; Hatton, Anna L.; Nester, Christopher

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2012.00669.x

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is known that repetitive loading of skin, especially under shear, results in skin lesions such as friction blisters [15]. Also, prolonged application of pressure can result in skin and deep tissue damage (pressure ulcers), which is aggravated when combined with interfacial shear [16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Multi-asperity Contact for Shear Stress Distribution in the Viable Epidermis – An Image-based Finite Element Study

et al. 2017

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Understanding load transfer mechanisms from the surface of the skin to its deeper layers is crucial in gaining a fundamental insight into damage phenomena related to skin tears, blisters and superficial/deep tissue ulcers. It is unknown how shear stresses in the viable epidermis are conditioned by the skin surface topography and internal microstructure and to which extent their propagation is conditioned by the size of a contacting asperities.In this computational study, these questions were addressed by conducting a series of contact finite element analyses simulating normal indentation of an anatomically-based two-dimensional multi-layer model of the skin by rigid indenters of various sizes and sliding of these indenters over the skin surface. Indentation depths, local (i.e. microscopic) coefficients of friction and Young's modulus of the stratum corneum were also varied. For comparison purpose and for isolating effects arising purely from the skin microstructure, a geometrically-idealised equivalent multi-layer model of the skin was also considered.The multi-asperity contact induced by the skin topographic features in combination with a non-idealised geometry of the skin layers lead to levels of shear stresses much higher than those produced in the geometrically-idealised case. These effects are also modulated by other system parameters (e.g. local coefficient of friction, indenter radius).These findings have major implications for the design and analyses of finite element studies aiming at modelling the tribology of skin, particularly if the focus is on how surface shear stress leads to damage initiation which is a process known to occur across several length scales.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Multi-asperity Contact for Shear Stress Distribution in the Viable Epidermis – An Image-based Finite Element Study

et al. 2017

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“…formation [11,33]. This approach enables the effects of interventions and any role of skin hydration in these effects to be studied more sensitively than in previous studies.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 3°C threshold was based on prior r esearch that identified this as the temperature change indicative of imminent risk of blister creation [33]. Thus, delay in this temperature change (in terms of either time taken or number of load-rest cycles required to create this temperature change) was indicative of reduced risk of blister.…”

Section: Measurement Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The within subject repeatability was not tested for any of the three intervention groups. However, the LAM has previously been demonstrated to be a suitable model for interventions that might affect skin surface friction [11,33].…”

Section: Study Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our choice of material was based on the need to ensure application of friction to the skin such that there is a realistic risk of blister within a practical experimental timeframe [11,33]. However, in the testing of interventions this choice may require revision to enable a closer to real world loading between the applicator and the heel skin.…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of topical anti blister products on the risk of friction blister formation on the foot

Hashmi

Kirkham

Nester

et al. 2016

Journal of Tissue Viability

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Please cite this article as: Hashmi F, Kirkham S, Nester C, Lam S, The effect of topical anti blister products on the risk of friction blister formation on the foot, Journal of Tissue Viability (2016Viability ( ), doi: 10.1016Viability ( /j.jtv.2016 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Healthy volunteersTest site: posterior heel skin Interventions: anti -blister preparations Controlled load application Hot spot development measured using infrared thermography M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractIntroduction: Foot blisters are a common injury, which can impact on activity and

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Load Carriage-Related Injury Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention

Knapik

Reynolds

2015

Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials

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The formation of friction blisters on the foot: the development of a laboratory‐based blister creation model

Abstract: These results suggest that thermographic images may prove useful for the remote assessment of traumatically damaged foot skin.

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Implications of Multi-asperity Contact for Shear Stress Distribution in the Viable Epidermis – An Image-based Finite Element Study

Implications of Multi-asperity Contact for Shear Stress Distribution in the Viable Epidermis – An Image-based Finite Element Study

The effect of topical anti blister products on the risk of friction blister formation on the foot

Load Carriage-Related Injury Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention

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