The formation of chlorine dioxide in the electrochemical treatment of drinking water for disinfection

Bergmann, Henry; Koparal, Ali Savaş

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2005.01.061

Cited by 80 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…At a current density of 1000 A m ¹2 , the current efficiencies ranged from 78.284.2%, whereas the current efficiencies reduced to 74.280.6 and 71.177.1% at 1500 and 2000 A m ¹2 , respectively. These results were similar to those reported by Bergmann et al 23 The decrease in current efficiency with the increase in current density was mainly due to the faster O 2 evolution at higher current densities. Besides, the charge utilization rate was decreased with the increase of current density.…”

Section: ¹2supporting

confidence: 82%

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

Wang

Yao

et al. 2012

Electrochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Seawater can be used as an electrolyte for Cl 2 evolution, and proper selection of electrode materials is of great importance. In this paper, a new type of dimensionally stable anodes, Ti/RuO 2 -IrO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 -SnO 2 , was investigated for Cl 2 evolution from seawater. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties were examined, and the electrocatalytic activity for Cl 2 evolution was measured under different conditions. It was shown that the RuO 2 -IrO 2 -Sb 2 O 5 -SnO 2 coating was compact in microstructure. The current efficiency was 71.2-86.7%, depending on the operational conditions. The anodes were predicted to be able to work effectively for over 6 years at a current density of 1500 A m −2 for seawater electrolysis.

show abstract

Section: ¹2supporting

confidence: 82%

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

Wang

Yao

et al. 2012

Electrochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As the electrogenerated products seem to cause the bacterial inhibition, the different results with stainless steel and DSA can be attributed to their different electrochemical behaviour. The mixed oxide coating of the DSA electrodes does not only increase their stability towards corrosion but also increases their activity and selectivity towards chlorine evolution and other chlorinated species formation [24,[29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Inactivation By Electrogenerated Products (Setup B)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of direct electric current and electrode reactions on vinyl chloride degrading microorganisms

Tiehm¹,

Lohner²,

Augenstein³

2009

Electrochimica Acta

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is a typical representative of these materials, and is known for its high oxidation power and outstanding corrosion resistance [10]. Several research studies have resulted in the discovery of new disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as nitrite [11], ammonium [12], hydrogen peroxide [13], chlorine dioxide [14], chlorite [15], chlorate [16], bromate [17], and perchlorate [16,18]. The probability of DBP distribution strongly depends on process conditions (water matrix, ionic strength, electrode materials, electrode potential and current density).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence of bromate and perbromate on BDD anodes during electrolysis of aqueous systems containing bromide: first systematic experimental studies

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Bromide electrolysis was carried out on laboratory-scale cells in the range of 1-1,005 mg [Br -] dm -3 using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. These studies were part of fundamental research activities on drinking water electrolysis for disinfection. Synthetic water systems were mostly used in the experiments, which varied the temperature between 5 and 30°C, the current density between 50 and 700 A m -2 , and the rotation rate of the rotating anode between 100 and 500 rpm (laminar regime). Hypobromite and bromate were found as by-products, as expected. Bromite was not detected. Higher bromate levels were formed at higher current density, but no clear relationship was observed between bromate concentration and the rotation rate or temperatures between 5 and 30°C. Bromate yields higher than 90% were found at higher charge passed. Perbromate was found as a new potential synthesis or disinfection by-product (DBP), but no perbromate was detected at the lowest bromide concentrations and under drinking water conditions. The perbromate yield was about 1%, and somewhat lower when bromate was used as a starting material instead of bromide. At a temperature of 5°C more perbromate was detected compared with experiments at 20°. Approximately 20 times more perchlorate was formed compared with perbromate formation in the presence of chloride ions of equimolar concentration. State of mechanistic considerations is presented and a mechanism for perbromate formation is proposed. The reaction from bromate to perbromate was found to be limited that is in contrast to the earlier studied chlorate-to-perchlorate conversion. In the measured concentration range, reduction processes at the mixed oxide cathode showed a much higher impact on the resulting concentration for perbromate than for bromate. Keywords Electrochemical disinfection Á Drinking water Á Bromide electrolysis Á Bromate Á Perbromate Á BDD Á Disinfection by-products List of symbols BDD Boron Doped Diamond c Concentration (mg dm -3 ) D Diffusion coefficient (m 2 s -1 ) DPD Diphenylendiamine E Electrode potential (V (SHE)) F FARADAY constant (As mol -1 ) I Current (A) IC Ion chromatography i lim Limiting current density (A m -2 ) k Reaction rate constant (M -1 s -1 , M -2 s -2 ) n Number of electrons transferred M Molar mass (mg mol -1 ) r Electrode radius (m) Re = xÁr 2 /m Reynolds number RDE Rotating disk electrode RNO p-Nitrosodimethylaniline rpm Revolutions per minute Sc = m/D Schmidt number Sh = bÁr/D Sherwood number SHE Standard Hydrogen Electrode

show abstract

The formation of chlorine dioxide in the electrochemical treatment of drinking water for disinfection

Cited by 80 publications

References 19 publications

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5 Anodes for Cl2 Evolution from Seawater

Effects of direct electric current and electrode reactions on vinyl chloride degrading microorganisms

The occurrence of bromate and perbromate on BDD anodes during electrolysis of aqueous systems containing bromide: first systematic experimental studies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About