The forgotten D: challenges of addressing forest degradation in complex mosaic landscapes under REDD+

Mertz, Ole; Müller, Daniel; Sikor, Thomas; Hett, Cornelia; Heinimann, Andreas; Castella, Jean-Christophe; Lestrelin, Guillaume; Ryan, Casey M.; Reay, Dave; Schmidt‐Vogt, Dietrich; Danielsen, Finn; Theilade, Ida; Noordwijk, Meine van; Verchot, Louis; Burgess, Neil D.; Berry, Nicholas J.; Pham, T.T.; Messerli, Peter; Xu, Jianchu; Fensholt, Rasmus; Hostert, Patrick; Pflugmacher, Dirk; Bruun, Thilde Bech; Neergaard, Andreas de; Dons, Klaus; Dewi, Sonya; Rutishauser, Ervan; Sun, Zhanli

doi:10.1080/00167223.2012.709678

Cited by 85 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…In contrast, emissions were at a high level during and after fertilization in fertilized croplands (van Lent et al, 2015). Thus, more work is needed to study how forest degradation affects N 2 O fluxes (Mertz et al, 2012).…”

Section: The N 2 O Budget In the Preindustrial Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Preindustrial nitrous oxide emissions from the land biosphere estimated by using a global biogeochemistry model

Tian

Lü

et al. 2017

Clim. Past

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Abstract. To accurately assess how increased global nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission has affected the climate system requires a robust estimation of the preindustrial N 2 O emissions since only the difference between current and preindustrial emissions represents net drivers of anthropogenic climate change. However, large uncertainty exists in previous estimates of preindustrial N 2 O emissions from the land biosphere, while preindustrial N 2 O emissions on the finer scales, such as regional, biome, or sector scales, have not been well quantified yet. In this study, we applied a processbased Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to estimate the magnitude and spatial patterns of preindustrial N 2 O fluxes at the biome, continental, and global level as driven by multiple environmental factors. Uncertainties associated with key parameters were also evaluated. Our study indicates that the mean of the preindustrial N 2 O emission was approximately 6.20 Tg N yr −1 , with an uncertainty range of 4.76 to 8.13 Tg N yr −1 . The estimated N 2 O emission varied significantly at spatial and biome levels. South America, Africa, and Southern Asia accounted for 34.12, 23.85, and 18.93 %, respectively, together contributing 76.90 % of global total emission. The tropics were identified as the major source of N 2 O released into the atmosphere, accounting for 64.66 % of the total emission. Our multi-scale estimates provide a robust reference for assessing the climate forcing of anthropogenic N 2 O emission from the land biosphere

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Section: The N 2 O Budget In the Preindustrial Eramentioning

confidence: 99%

Preindustrial nitrous oxide emissions from the land biosphere estimated by using a global biogeochemistry model

Tian

Lü

et al. 2017

Clim. Past

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“…At present, the advancement of REDD+ and other PES mechanisms in Central and South America may create avenues for indigenous participation in environmental conservation, which may in theory be tied to their cultural and territorial rights, and their involvement in these mechanisms should ease the inclusion of social considerations like poverty alleviation and equity [63,64]. The importance of community-based monitoring in PES programs has often been highlighted [65,66] and should constitute an important aspect of indigenous participation, which may include the adoption of drone-based approaches [44], particularly if we consider the need to map and monitor degradation (the so-called "forgotten D", given the difficulties to map it from conventional remote sensing imagery owing to insufficient spatial and temporal resolutions amongst several factors) [67,68]. From the five projects presented in this paper, we know that all the indigenous peoples who attended the workshops are willing to engage in PES programs, particularly in REDD+, and that they now see the utilization of drones as an important tool which might make their forest monitoring activities more effective and, therefore, their participation in such programs more valuable.…”

Section: Lessons Learnt From Initial Experiences Using Drones With Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grassroots Innovation Using Drones for Indigenous Mapping and Monitoring

Paneque-Gálvez

Vargas-Ramírez

Napoletano

et al. 2017

Land

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Indigenous territories are facing increasing pressures from numerous legal and illegal activities that are pushing commodity frontiers within their limits, frequently causing severe environmental degradation and threatening indigenous territorial rights and livelihoods. In Central and South America, after nearly three decades of participatory mapping projects, interest is mounting among indigenous peoples in the use of new technologies for community mapping and monitoring as a means of defense against such threats. Since 2014, several innovative projects have been developed and implemented in the region to demonstrate and train indigenous communities in the use of small drones for territorial mapping and monitoring. In this paper, we report on five projects carried out in Peru, Guyana, and Panama. For each one we describe the context, main objectives, positive outcomes, challenges faced, and opportunities ahead. Preliminary results are promising and have gained the interest of many indigenous societies who envision this technology as a powerful tool to protect their territories and strengthen their claims regarding specific environmental liabilities and justice issues. Based on the results presented here and a review of previous similar studies, we offer a critical discussion of some of the main opportunities and challenges that we foresee regarding the use of small drones for indigenous territorial mapping and monitoring. In addition, we elaborate on why a careful, well thought-out, and progressive adoption of drones by indigenous peoples may trigger grassroots innovations in ways conducive to greater environmental justice and sustainability.

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“…While the detection of stand-replacing conversion of forest to agriculture has been studied most intensively in general, e.g., [19], and to a lesser degree in Angola [15,20], forest degradation is a subtle modification process [21] that is largely understudied [22,23]. Forest modification is more prevalent than conversion; however, the increased temporal and spatial complexity of measurements has resulted in a far lower number of case studies [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Annual Landsat Time Series for the Detection of Dry Forest Degradation Processes in South-Central Angola

et al. 2017

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Dry tropical forests undergo massive conversion and degradation processes. This also holds true for the extensive Miombo forests that cover large parts of Southern Africa. While the largest proportional area can be found in Angola, the country still struggles with food shortages, insufficient medical and educational supplies, as well as the ongoing reconstruction of infrastructure after 27 years of civil war. Especially in rural areas, the local population is therefore still heavily dependent on the consumption of natural resources, as well as subsistence agriculture. This leads, on one hand, to large areas of Miombo forests being converted for cultivation purposes, but on the other hand, to degradation processes due to the selective use of forest resources. While forest conversion in south-central rural Angola has already been quantitatively described, information about forest degradation is not yet available. This is due to the history of conflicts and the therewith connected research difficulties, as well as the remote location of this area. We apply an annual time series approach using Landsat data in south-central Angola not only to assess the current degradation status of the Miombo forests, but also to derive past developments reaching back to times of armed conflicts. We use the Disturbance Index based on tasseled cap transformation to exclude external influences like inter-annual variation of rainfall. Based on this time series, linear regression is calculated for forest areas unaffected by conversion, but also for the pre-conversion period of those areas that were used for cultivation purposes during the observation time. Metrics derived from linear regression are used to classify the study area according to their dominant modification processes. We compare our results to MODIS latent integral trends and to further products to derive information on underlying drivers. Around 13% of the Miombo forests are affected by degradation processes, especially along streets, in villages, and close to existing agriculture. However, areas in presumably remote and dense forest areas are also affected to a significant extent. A comparison with MODIS derived fire ignition data shows that they are most likely affected by recurring fires and less by selective timber extraction. We confirm that areas that are used for agriculture are more heavily disturbed by selective use beforehand than those that remain unaffected by conversion. The results can be substantiated by the MODIS latent integral trends and we also show that due to extent and location, the assessment of forest conversion is most likely not sufficient to provide good estimates for the loss of natural resources.

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The forgotten D: challenges of addressing forest degradation in complex mosaic landscapes under REDD+

Cited by 85 publications

References 115 publications

Preindustrial nitrous oxide emissions from the land biosphere estimated by using a global biogeochemistry model

Preindustrial nitrous oxide emissions from the land biosphere estimated by using a global biogeochemistry model

Grassroots Innovation Using Drones for Indigenous Mapping and Monitoring

Using Annual Landsat Time Series for the Detection of Dry Forest Degradation Processes in South-Central Angola

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