The Foot in Action

Klenerman, L.; Wood, Bernard

doi:10.1007/1-84628-032-x_6

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The medial longitudinal arch (MLA) is unique to the human foot and is not found in other human-like species. 16,24 This extensively studied arch has been described as the principal evolutionary adaption differentiating human and primate feet, as this arch is thought to provide the midfoot stiffness required for human bipedalism. 12,15,29 Beyond its importance in foot evolution, the MLA plays a central role in a number of foot deformities including pes planovalgus 14 and cavovarus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Transverse Arch in Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

Schmidt,

Lalevée,

Kim

et al. 2023

Foot Ankle Int.

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Background: The transverse arch (TA) has recently been shown to significantly increase the intrinsic stiffness of the midfoot when coupled with the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). Progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD) is a complex deformity that ultimately results in a loss of stiffness and collapse of the MLA. The role of the TA has not been investigated in patients diagnosed with this disorder using weightbearing CT (WBCT). Therefore, this study aims to answer the following questions: (1) Is the curvature of the TA decreased in PCFD? (2) Where within the midfoot does TA curvature flattening happen in PCFD? Methods A retrospective review of weightbearing CT images was conducted for 32 PCFD and 32 control feet. The TA curvature was assessed both indirectly using previously described methods and directly using a novel measurement termed the transverse arch plantar (TAP) angle that assesses the angle formed between the first, second, and fifth metatarsals in the coronal plane. Location of TA collapse was also assessed in the coronal plane. Results: The TAP angle was significantly higher in PCFD (mean 115.2 degrees, SD 10.7) than in the control group (mean 100.8 degrees, SD 7.9) ( P < .001). No difference was found using the calculated normalized TA curvature between PCFD (mean 17.1, SD 4.8) and controls (mean 18.3, SD 4.0) ( P = .266). Location of collapse along the TA in PCFD was most significant at the second metatarsal and medial cuneiform. Conclusion: The TA is more collapsed in PCFD compared to controls. This collapse was most substantial between the plantar medial cuneiform and the plantar second metatarsal. This may represent a location of uncoupling of the TA and MLA. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective case control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Transverse Arch in Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

Schmidt,

Lalevée,

Kim

et al. 2023

Foot Ankle Int.

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“…Fossil hand and foot bones are rare, but they can be useful for interpreting the evolution of locomotion as they are the primary biomechanical unit to interact with the environment (reviewed e.g. in Klenerman and Wood, 2006 ; D'Août and Aerts, 2008 ; Stolwijk et al, 2013 ; Vereecke et al, 2008 ). Analysis of bone shape in isolation, however, does not definitively test behaviour or locomotor mode, as relative contributions of soft tissues, relationships between applied forces and the dynamics of the system cannot be accounted for.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation, mosaicism and degeneracy in the hominin foot

2021

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The fossil record is scarce and incomplete by nature. Animals and ecological processes devour soft tissue and important bony details over time and, when the dust settles, we are faced with a patchy record full of variation. Fossil taxa are usually defined by craniodental characteristics, so unless postcranial bones are found associated with a skull, assignment to taxon is unstable. Naming a locomotor category based on fossil bone morphology by analogy to living hominoids is not uncommon, and when no single locomotor label fits, postcrania are often described as exhibiting a “mosaic” of traits. Here, we contend that the unavoidable variation that characterises the fossil record can be described far more rigorously based on extensive work in human neurobiology and neuroanatomy, movement sciences and motor control and biomechanics research. In neurobiology, degeneracy is a natural mechanism of adaptation allowing system elements that are structurally different to perform the same function. This concept differs from redundancy as understood in engineering, where the same function is performed by identical elements. Assuming degeneracy, structurally different elements are able to produce different outputs in a range of environmental contexts, favouring ecological robusticity by enabling adaptations. Furthermore, as degeneracy extends to genome level, genetic variation is sustained, so that genes which might benefit an organism in a different environment remain part of the genome, favouring species’ evolvability.

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The Foot in Action

Cited by 2 publications

References 25 publications

The Role of the Transverse Arch in Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

The Role of the Transverse Arch in Progressive Collapsing Foot Deformity

Variation, mosaicism and degeneracy in the hominin foot

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