The FLUKA Code: Developments and Challenges for High Energy and Medical Applications

Böhlen, Till Tobias; Cerutti, F.; Chin, M.; Fassó, A.; Ferrari, A.; Ortega, Pablo G.; Mairani, A.; Sala, P.; Smirnov, G.I.; Vlachoudis, V.

doi:10.1016/j.nds.2014.07.049

Cited by 1,606 publications

(1,220 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The simulation of the experiment is based on the generalpurpose Monte Carlo (MC) code FLUKA [24][25][26]. FLUKA includes sophisticated state-of-the-art models for nonelastic hadronic interactions and the successive deexcitation and radioactive decay of produced fragments.…”

Section: Data Sample and MC Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of fragmentation cross sections ofC12ions on a thin gold target with the FIRST apparatus

Toppi¹,

Abou-Haïdar²,

Agodi³

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. C

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A detailed knowledge of the light ions interaction processes with matter is of great interest in basic and applied physics. As an example, particle therapy and space radioprotection require highly accurate fragmentation cross-section measurements to develop shielding materials and estimate acute and late health risks for manned missions in space and for treatment planning in particle therapy. The Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy experiment at the Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion research (GSI) was designed and built by an international collaboration from France, Germany, Italy, and Spain for studying the collisions of a 12 C ion beam with thin targets. The collaboration's main purpose is to provide the double-differential cross-section measurement of carbon-ion fragmentation at energies that are relevant for both tumor therapy and space radiation protection applications. Fragmentation cross sections of light ions impinging on a wide range of thin targets are also essential to validate the nuclear models implemented in MC simulations that, in such an energy range, fail to reproduce the data with the required accuracy. This paper presents the single differential carbon-ion fragmentation cross sections on a thin gold target, measured as a function of the fragment angle and kinetic energy in the forward * Corresponding author: alessio.sarti@uniroma1.it 2469-9985/2016/93(6)/064601 (21) 064601-1 ©2016 American Physical Society M. TOPPI et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 93, 064601 (2016) angular region (θ 6 • ), aiming to provide useful data for the benchmarking of the simulation softwares used in light ions fragmentation applications. The 12 C ions used in the measurement were accelerated at the energy of 400 MeV/nucleon by the SIS (heavy ion synchrotron) GSI facility.

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Section: Data Sample and MC Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of fragmentation cross sections ofC12ions on a thin gold target with the FIRST apparatus

Toppi¹,

Abou-Haïdar²,

Agodi³

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. C

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“…The unfiltered simulation result shows a narrow peak at the beginning of the TCT pulse, which is caused by the drift of both charge carriers immediately after the alpha particle hit. The energy deposition of the α and β patricles in the diamond bulk during the TCT and CCE measurements were simulated with the publicly available software FLUKA [20,21]. The simulation includes the geometry of the setups and the different collimation of the sources (see Figs.…”

Section: Description Of Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe signal loss in diamond beam loss monitors in high particle rate environments by charge trapping in radiation‐induced defects

Kassel¹,

Guthoff

Dabrowski

2016

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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The Beam Condition Monitoring Leakage (BCML) system is a beam monitoring device in the CMS experiment at the LHC. As detectors 32 poly-crystalline (pCVD) diamond sensors are positioned in rings around the beam pipe. Here high particle rates occur from the colliding beams scattering particles outside the beam pipe. These particles cause defects, which act as traps for the ionization, thus reducing the charge collection efficiency (CCE). However, the loss in CCE was much more severe than expected from low rate laboratory measurements and simulations, especially in single-crystalline (sCVD) diamonds, which have a low initial concentration of defects. After an integrated luminosity of a few fb −1 corresponding to a few weeks of LHC operation, the CCE of the sCVD diamonds dropped by a factor of five or more and quickly approached the poor CCE of pCVD diamonds. The reason why in real experiments the CCE is much worse than in laboratory experiments is related to the ionization rate.At high particle rates the trapping rate of the ionization is so high compared with the detrapping rate, that space charge builds up. This space charge reduces locally the internal electric field, which in turn increases the trapping rate and recombination and hence reduces the CCE in a strongly non-linear way. A diamond irradiation campaign was started to investigate the rate dependent electrical field deformation with respect to the radiation damage. Besides the electrical field measurements via the Transient Current Technique (TCT), the CCE was measured. The experimental results were used to create an effective deep trap model that takes the radiation damage into account. Using this trap model the rate dependent electrical field deformation and the CCE were simulated with the software SILVACO TCAD. The simulation, tuned to rate dependent measurements from a strong radioactive source, was able to predict the nonlinear decrease of the CCE in the harsh environment of the LHC, where the particle rate was a factor 30 higher.

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“…In the following, all EAS simulations are performed for primary cosmic ray energy of 10 19 eV with CORSIKA 7.3500 [25]. QGSJET II-04 was used as a hadron interaction model for high energy (> 80 GeV) and FLUKA2011.2c [26,27] for low energy.…”

Section: Air Shower Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Shower Development and Hadron Production at Very Forward Region

Sakurai

2018

Proceedings of 2016 International Conference on Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR2016)

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Whereas muon in extensive air shower is an observable sensitive to the primary composition and to the hadron interaction properties, the discrepancy between measured and estimated values has not been solved. Using the new data of forward hadron from an accelerator experiment, a hadron interaction model (QGSJET II-04) is modified. Air shower simulation with the modified interaction model produces more muons. The increased muons concentrate around the shower core and the number density of secondary particle far from core does not change much.

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The FLUKA Code: Developments and Challenges for High Energy and Medical Applications

Cited by 1,606 publications

References 17 publications

Measurement of fragmentation cross sections ofC12ions on a thin gold target with the FIRST apparatus

Measurement of fragmentation cross sections ofC12ions on a thin gold target with the FIRST apparatus

Severe signal loss in diamond beam loss monitors in high particle rate environments by charge trapping in radiation‐induced defects

Air Shower Development and Hadron Production at Very Forward Region

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