The flow of Fireweed rock glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

Bucki, A. K.; Echelmeyer, Κ. A.

doi:10.3189/172756504781830213

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast to the strength of polycrystalline ice and frozen soils derived from laboratory tests, the huge Fireweed rock glacier in Alaska had surface velocity fields requiring A values at least twice those of clean temperate ice [ Bucki and Echelmeyer , 2004]. The high A values indicating soft frozen ground appear to be associated with the large amount of debris, which was in fact seen at the calved front [ Elconin and LaChapelle , 1997; Bucki et al , 2004].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Deformation Of Ice‐debris Mixturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high A values indicating soft frozen ground appear to be associated with the large amount of debris, which was in fact seen at the calved front [ Elconin and LaChapelle , 1997; Bucki et al , 2004]. Bucki and Echelmeyer [2004] considered that the large A values originated from interstitial water between debris particles and ice crystals, which possibly allowed slip at the interface by lowering the effective viscosity, as Echelmeyer and Wang [1987] and Cohen [2000] explained the softness of dirty basal ice. Cohen [2000] proposed quite large A values (1.4 × 10 −14 –1.4 × 10 −13 kPa −3 s −1 ) for dirty basal ice below a 210 m thick temperate glacier by means of a three‐dimensional simulation.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Deformation Of Ice‐debris Mixturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast deformation of perennially frozen debris in a warm rock glacier in the Swiss Alps: An effect of liquid water

Ikeda¹,

Matsuoka²,

Kääb³

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

128

131

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[1] Surface movement, internal deformation, and temperature were monitored over 5 years on Büz North rock glacier, a small rock glacier located at the lower limit of the permafrost belt in the Swiss Alps. The permafrost in the rock glacier mainly consists of pebbles and cobbles filled with interstitial ice. Two inclinometers installed at 4 and 5 m depths showed fast deformation with large seasonal and interannual variations, while the permafrost temperatures remained almost at the melting point. The movement of the inclinometers coincided with changes in the surface velocities. The deformation rapidly accelerated during snowmelt periods, whereas it gradually decelerated below a dry snow cover in winter. The frozen debris was more deformable than typical glacier ice at the melting point. These phenomena suggest that the frozen debris is permeable to snowmelt water. The fast deformation should result from significant annual relocation of debris particles, which probably creates a network of air voids in the frozen debris that eventually allows water infiltration. The meltwater infiltration accelerates the deformation by reducing effective stress, resulting in the reduced strength of the frozen debris. The refreezing of the pore water, which depends on the cooling intensity in winter, decelerates the deformation. The combination of these processes controls the temporal variations in the deformation.

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Section: Factors Affecting Deformation Of Ice‐debris Mixturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Deformation Of Ice‐debris Mixturementioning

confidence: 99%

Fast deformation of perennially frozen debris in a warm rock glacier in the Swiss Alps: An effect of liquid water

Ikeda¹,

Matsuoka²,

Kääb³

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

128

131

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“…Most of these studies documented that increasing debris concentration resulted in strengthening over the full range of concentrations, in contrast with Swinzow's observations [ Goughnour and Andersland , ; Baker , ; Ting et al, ; Ladanyi and Morel , ; Durham et al, ]. However, a few laboratory studies and several field studies have concluded that debris concentrations less than about 42% by volume can sometimes lead to significant weakening [ Hooke et al , ; Echelmeyer and Zhongxiang , ; Bucki and Echelmeyer , ; Song et al ., ]. To explain these apparently contradictory observations, some researchers have appealed to the potential influence of unfrozen water concentration with or without solutes [ Cohen , ; Cuffey et al ., ], particle size, or ice crystal size [ Fisher and Koerner , ; Cuffey et al , ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation of debris-ice mixtures

2014

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Mixtures of rock debris and ice are common in high-latitude and high-altitude environments and are thought to be widespread elsewhere in our solar system. In the form of permafrost soils, glaciers, and rock glaciers, these debris-ice mixtures are often not static but slide and creep, generating many of the landforms and landscapes associated with the cryosphere. In this review, a broad range of field observations, theory, and experimental work relevant to the mechanical interactions between ice and rock debris are evaluated, with emphasis on the temperature and stress regimes common in terrestrial surface and near-surface environments. The first-order variables governing the deformation of debris-ice mixtures in these environments are debris concentration, particle size, temperature, solute concentration (salinity), and stress. A key observation from prior studies, consistent with expectations, is that debris-ice mixtures are usually more resistant to deformation at low temperatures than their pure end-member components. However, at temperatures closer to melting, the growth of unfrozen water films at ice-particle interfaces begins to reduce the strengthening effect and can even lead to profound weakening. Using existing quantitative relationships from theoretical and experimental work in permafrost engineering, ice mechanics, and glaciology combined with theory adapted from metallurgy and materials science, a simple constitutive framework is assembled that is capable of capturing most of the observed dynamics. This framework highlights the competition between the role of debris in impeding ice creep and the mitigating effects of unfrozen water at debris-ice interfaces.

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“…). The maximum velocities on California rock glacier, however, are insignificant in comparison with some > 300 cm/yr displacements that have been observed on the Fireweed rock glacier in Alaska and on some rock glaciers in the Austrian Alps(Bucki and Echelmeyer 2004; Krainer and Mostler 2006). In the Elk Mountains of Colorado, flow rates averaged 63 cm/yr from1964 -1968(Bryant 1971.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Warm ice can flow more quickly or meltwater can act as a lubricant and reduce friction between internal shear planes (Bucki and Echelmeyer 2004;Krainer and Mostler 2006;Ikeda et al 2008). Rock glaciers typically have a debris cover (1-3 m thick in some instances), which acts as an insulator and protects internal ice.…”

Section: Jason R Janke and Antonio Bellisariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Geospatial Technologies in Environmental Management

Hoalst‐Pullen¹,

Patterson²

2010

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The "Geotechnologies and the Environment" series is intended to provide specialists in the geotechnologies and academics who utilize these technologies, with an opportunity to share novel approaches, present interesting (sometimes counter-intuitive) case studies, and most importantly to situate GIS, remote sensing, GPS, the internet, new technologies, and methodological advances in a real world context. In doing so, the books in the series will be inherently applied and reflect the rich variety of research performed by geographers and allied professionals.Beyond the applied nature of many of the papers and individual contributions, the series interrogates the dynamic relationship between nature and society. For this reason, many contributors focus on human-environment interactions. The series are not limited to an interpretation of the environment as nature per se. Rather, the series "places" people and social forces in context and thus explore the many sociospatial environments humans construct for themselves as they settle the landscape. Consequently, contributions will use geotechnologies to examine both urban and rural landscapes. this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover image: USGS/NASA Landsat ProgramPrinted on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) ForewordGeotechnologies and the Environment: Environmental Applications and Management presents an engaging and diverse array of physically-oriented GIScience applications that have been organized using four broad themes. While the book's themes are by no means mutually exclusive, Hoalst-Pullen and Patterson provide an elegant overview of the field that frames the collection's subsequent thematic structure -Wilderness and Wildlife Response; Glaciers; Wetlands and Watersheds; and Human Health and the Environment. Over the course of the volume, the contributing authors move beyond basic (and in some respects clichéd) landscape ecology of land use change to explore human-environment dynamics heretofore not emphasized in the applied literature. In doing so, the collection presents a compelling case for the importance of developing new physically-oriented GIScience applications that reside at the nexus of social and natural systems with the explicit intent of informing public policy and/or the decision making practices of resource managers.Individually, the chapters themselves are intentionally diverse. The diversity of the approaches, their spatial context, and emphases on management applications demonstrate the many ways in which geotechnologies can be used to address small and big problems in both developed and developing regions. The collection's internal coh...

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The flow of Fireweed rock glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Fast deformation of perennially frozen debris in a warm rock glacier in the Swiss Alps: An effect of liquid water

Fast deformation of perennially frozen debris in a warm rock glacier in the Swiss Alps: An effect of liquid water

Deformation of debris-ice mixtures

Geospatial Technologies in Environmental Management

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