The fleece as a habitat for micro-organisms

Mulcock, A. P.

doi:10.1080/00480169.1965.33607

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…DISCUSSION This report has described the variations in the numbers of moulds able to grow at 25°c isolated from fleece sampies of sheep subjected to various treatments. The tleece in vivo is a complex environment and the population of micro-organisms within it, at least in the apical portions, fluctuates considerably in response to the climatic conditions to which the sheep is exposed (Mulcock 1965 the 2nd and 3rd months post treatment, levels in treated fleeces (excluding those from benomyl plunge-dipped animals) remained weil above those in untreated fleeces. This effect disappeared by the 4th month post treatment, as the counts for all groups except shorn animals rose to similar levels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Investigations into “cockle”, a skin disease of sheep

Baxter

Hughes

Chin

1980

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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The possible involvement of moulds in the aetiology of New Zealand scatter cockle has been investigated by comparing the total mould counts and individual species counts from fleeces of cockled and uncockled animals. Cockled animals tended to have lower fleece mould counts than uncockled animals but this effect seemed more related to the treatment of uncockled animals (plunge-dipping, tip spraying, or showering). Counts in both cockled and uncockled groups varied with time of sampling; they were lowest in June-July and highest in December. Ofthe 28 moulds isolated, most were randomly present in animals from all groups and none seemed associated with cockle development, These findings do not support earlier suggestions that fungi could be involved in the development of cockle on susceptible skins.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Investigations into “cockle”, a skin disease of sheep

Baxter

Hughes

Chin

1980

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…Cross-contamination is an issue with conventional skin-off lamb carcasses, as the fleece is the primary source of bacterial contamination of a lamb carcass (Gerrand, 1975;Grau et al, 1986;Mulcock, 1965).…”

Section: Microbiological Contamination Of Conventionally Produced Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on a summary of scientific studies undertaken by the UK Food Standards Agency to support a proposed production method for smoked “skin-on” sheep meat

2011

EFSA Journal

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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy ABSTRACTThe scientific validity and relevance for safety assessment of a series of studies aimed at exploring the potential for the safe production of burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcasses are assessed. The main findings obtained by these studies are described, including their microbiological and chemical aspects. It is concluded that the hazard identification presented in the studies under assessment does not cover all potential biological and chemical hazards and information on their fate during the process. Limitations found in microbiological and chemical aspects of the studies as conducted are highlighted and discussed. It is pointed out that, as designed and conducted, the studies describe a hygienic production method for burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcasses based on gas flame singeing and provide a first step of information that is useful for further consideration of biological and chemical hazards and may serve as the basis for development of processes for safe production of skin-on sheep carcasses. The studies under assessment did not evaluate or verify the food safety of burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcasses under variable conditions in comparison to conventional skin-off carcasses. Overall, they are insufficient to support the conclusion that the burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcasses produced by the method described were suitable for human consumption or hygienically and microbiologically similar to conventionally produced skin-off carcasses. Similarly, the information supplied is insufficient to conclude that the process presented results in levels of harmful smoke-derived chemicals similar to those in other smoked foods which represent a low level of concern for human health. Proposed production method for smoked "skin-on" sheep meat EFSA Journal 2011;9(6):2191 2 KEY WORDSSmoked skin-on sheep carcass, burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcass, sheep meat, smokies. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) were asked by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to deliver a Scientific Opinion on a summary of scientific studies undertaken by the UK Food Standards Agency to support a proposed production method for smoked "skin-on" sheep meat ("burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcasses"). In particular, the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) has invested in scientific studies ("FSA studies") to explore the potential for the safe production of this product. In their summary report, FSA concluded that this product could be safely and hygienically produced in approved slaughterhouses. Therefore, the Commission asked EFSA to issue a Scientific Opinion about the scientific validity of the FSA studies and on the relevance of their outcome and conclusions for concluding on the safety of burnt fleece skin-on sheep carcasses compared to conventional skin-off carcasses within the same category of animals, and to indicate if any additional food-borne public health hazard...

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“…The presence of colour that is not extracted from wool during the scouring process detrimentally affects its subsequent processing, in particular dyeing properties, and therefore is a critical determinant of both the quality and value of the wool [1,2]. Environmental conditions are reported to have the greatest overall effect on colour for a wool clip [3,4], with observation of the development of bright staining linked to warm, humid temperatures, when fungal and bacterial organisms thrive in the wool fleece [5]. Intense yellow discoloration of wool, sometimes termed ‘canary yellowing’, can develop on the sheep, particularly on the belly and lower edges of the fleece, as well as during storage and processing [3,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conventional scouring methods are ineffective in extracting this discoloration. Various theories have been proposed as to the cause of non‐scourable yellow staining, including sheep nutrition, bile pigment derivatives, suint by‐products and microbial action [5]. However, the origin and identity of the compounds causing this non‐scourable staining of wool have remained a source of debate, with characterisation of the chromophores proving elusive [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and characterisation of non‐scourable chromophores from discoloured fleece wool

Dyer¹,

Bringans²,

Aitken³

et al. 2007

Coloration Technology

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The colour of scoured wool is a critical determinant of its value and quality, with the presence of significant non‐scourable discoloration severely limiting its use. In order to develop effective protocols for the removal or prevention of non‐scourable fleece wool discoloration, it is imperative that all significant contributing chromophores are characterised and their origin established. We describe the location, extraction and characterisation of chromophores from non‐scourable yellow fleece wool. Yellow discoloration was found to be located predominantly in the cuticular region of the wool fibre. Chromophoric compounds were extracted, isolated and characterised by tandem mass spectrometry, with five phenazine derivatives identified: phenazine, 1‐hydroxyphenazine, phenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid, pyocyanine and 1‐methoxyphenazine. Phenazines are brightly coloured pigments that are characteristic secondary metabolites of the bacterial genus Pseudomonas, a known ubiquitous component of the wool fleece microflora. The results of this research represent significant progress in our knowledge of wool discoloration, providing insight into both the chemical and microbial origin of non‐scourable wool yellowing.

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The fleece as a habitat for micro-organisms

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Investigations into “cockle”, a skin disease of sheep

Investigations into “cockle”, a skin disease of sheep

Scientific Opinion on a summary of scientific studies undertaken by the UK Food Standards Agency to support a proposed production method for smoked “skin-on” sheep meat

Extraction and characterisation of non‐scourable chromophores from discoloured fleece wool

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