The flat sacrum: Its importance in obstetrics

Posner, A; Bloch, Norman R.; Posner, Norman S.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(55)90009-0

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In contrast, Plochocki [ 13 ] hypothesized that the shallower sagittal curvature of the female sacrum might represent an obstetrical adaptation to enlarge the pelvic outlet. However, radiological-obstetrical studies suggested that a flat sacrum compromises fetal head rotation and is associated with an increased incidence of operative deliveries [ 60 , 61 ]. Another explanation for sacral curvature variation was provided by Abitbol [ 62 ], who suggested that it might be related to biomechanical factors associated with supine sleeping posture and differing effects of bipedal locomotion in individuals with varied body sizes, and is thus unrelated to obstetrical adaptation [see also 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex classification using the human sacrum: Geometric morphometrics versus conventional approaches

et al. 2022

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The human pelvis shows marked sexual dimorphism that stems from the conflicting selective pressures of bipedal locomotion and parturition. The sacrum is thought to reflect this dimorphism as it makes up a significant portion of the pelvic girdle. However, reported sexual classification accuracies vary considerably depending on the method and reference sample (54%-98%). We aim to explore this inconsistency by quantifying sexual dimorphism and sex classification accuracies in a geographically heterogeneous sample by comparing 3D geometric morphometrics with the more commonly employed linear metric and qualitative assessments. Our sample included 164 modern humans from Africa, Europe, Asia, and America. The geometric morphometric analysis was based on 44 landmarks and 56 semilandmarks. Linear dimensions included sacral width, corpus depth and width, and the corresponding indices. The qualitative inspection relied on traditional macroscopic features such as proportions between the corpus of the first sacral vertebrae and the alae, and sagittal and coronal curvature of the sacrum. Classification accuracy was determined using linear discriminant function analysis for the entire sample and for the largest subsamples (i.e., Europeans and Africans). Male and female sacral shapes extensively overlapped in the geometric morphometric investigation, leading to a classification accuracy of 72%. Anteroposterior corpus depth was the most powerful discriminating linear parameter (83%), followed by the corpus-area index (78%). Qualitative inspection yielded lower accuracies (64–76%). Classification accuracy was higher for the Central European subsample and diminished with increasing geographical heterogeneity of the subgroups. Although the sacrum forms an integral part of the birth canal, our results suggest that its sex-related variation is surprisingly low. Morphological variation thus seems to be driven also by other factors, including body size, and sacrum shape is therefore likely under stronger biomechanical rather than obstetric selection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex classification using the human sacrum: Geometric morphometrics versus conventional approaches

et al. 2022

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“…In this paper we demonstrate both catalytic oxidation of a number of substrates with the Fe(III)/Pt system and complete oxidation of ethylene glycol to carbon dioxide under mild conditions using dioxygen as stoichiometric oxidant in a redox fuel cell operating at 80°C. This is the first report of a redox fuel cell operating with ethylene glycol as fuel (5,(10)(11)(12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Platinum-Catalyzed Oxidations of Organic Compounds by Ferric Sulfate: Use of a Redox Fuel Cell to Mediate Complete Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol by Dioxygen at 80°C

Gorman

Bergens

Whitesides

1996

Journal of Catalysis

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Evaluation of the obstetric significance of some pelvic characters in an 18th century british sample of known parity status

Cox

Scott

1992

American J Phys Anthropol

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The excavations at Christ Church, Spitalfields (1984-86) produced a sample of 968 human skeletons which were interred between 1729 and 1859. Of these, 387 were recovered in association with coffin plates stating name, age at death, and date of death. There are 138 adult females in the named sample and the obstetric histories of 94 have been reconstructed from historical documentation. Such variables as birth spacing, number of children, and age at first and last births are known for the majority of this sample. Any individual about whose history there is any doubt has been excluded from the analysis. A middle-class group, they were largely of high nutritional status and, by the standards of the day, lived in sanitary and comfortable conditions. Both males and females have a mean age at death of 56 years. The presence or absence, the typology, the severity, the width and the length of the preauricular sulcus, the presence or absence and the number of pits on the dorsal aspect of the pubic body, sulci along the anterior sacrum adjacent to the auricular facet, and the extension of the pubic tubercle were evaluated in relation to the obstetric histories of these females. Statistical analysis has demonstrated a relationship between the presence of pubic tubercle extension and parity status and between the degree of extension and the number of children borne (P < .02). Statistically there is no significant relationship (P > .05) between either the preauricular sulcus or pubic pitting and parity status. Sacral scarring is significantly associated (P < .05) with parity status, but as it was evident in only eight females it has little practical application. Sample sizes are small, and it must be considered that statistical evaluation of larger samples might detect associations between variables not demonstrated here. There is no significant relationship between any of the cortical variants under consideration and age at death.

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The flat sacrum: Its importance in obstetrics

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

Sex classification using the human sacrum: Geometric morphometrics versus conventional approaches

Sex classification using the human sacrum: Geometric morphometrics versus conventional approaches

Platinum-Catalyzed Oxidations of Organic Compounds by Ferric Sulfate: Use of a Redox Fuel Cell to Mediate Complete Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol by Dioxygen at 80°C

Evaluation of the obstetric significance of some pelvic characters in an 18th century british sample of known parity status

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